RAMMOHUN ROY. 688 RAMSAY. object being the uprooting of idolatry, and he was instrumental in procuring the abolition of suttee (q.v.). Becoming convinced of the excellence of the moral theories of Cliristianity, he published The Precepts of Jesus, Ike Guide' to Peace and Happiness (1820). a woric of Unitarian tendencies. In 1830 was opened the first building in the Brahmo-Somaj or Theistic Church of India, which be bad in- augurated and endowed. Shortly afterwards, as representative of the titular King of Delhi, who bad created him a raja, he visited England. He was deluged with invitations to social, political, and ecclesiastical meetings, and in his anxiety to see everything anil to please all, overtaxed his strength and died of brain fever at Bristol, where be is buried. Consult Carpenter, The Last Days of Jxaja liammoliuii Roy in England, leitli Bio- grapliical ,skcteh (London, ISlKJ). RAMNES, ram'nez, or RAMNENSES, rrim- nen'sez. One of the three patrician tribes — Kamnes, Titles, and Luceres — which in the oldest times constituted tlic popuius Romanus. RAMOTH-GILEAD, ra'mOth-gil'e-ad. One of the chief cities of Gad, east of the .Jordan. It is called Ramoth in Gilead and in II. Kings viii. 29 Kamah; the C4ilead of Hosea vi. 8 and Judges X. 17 may mean the same place. It is mentioned as a city of refuge and a Levitical city ( Dent. iv. 43 ; Josh. xx. 8 ; xxi. 38 ) , and as the headquarters of one of Solomon's comrais- sarial officers (I. Kings iv. 13). It was a strong fortress and the key to an important district. Ahab, King of Israel, was killed there in the wars with the Syrians (I. Kings xxii.). and bis son Joram was wounded there some years later (II. Kings viii. 28). Reimun in the hills of Gilead, Es-Salt, and Jerash liave been suggested as possible identifications of Ramoth-Gilead ; the weight of the evidence seems to be in favor of the last named. Consult jMerrill, Easi of the Jordan (New York. 1881). RAMPANT (Fr.. raging). In heraldry (q.v.), a term applied to a lion or other beast of prey when erect on its two hind legs, with only one of the fore-legs elevated, the bead being seen in profile. Sometimes also termed coun- ter-rampant. RAMPART. See Foktification. RAMPOLLA, ram-pol'la, Mariano. Marchese del Tindaro (1843—). An Italian prelate. l)(irn at Polizzi, Sicily. He was educated at the Collegio Capranica, the Jesuit College, and the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici, all in Rome. Afterwards be entered the service of the Pope, and in 1875 was appointed councilor to the Papal Emliassy at Madrid. Upon his return to Rome he became Secretary of the Propaganda for Eastern Affairs, and in 1880 Secretary of Ecclesiastical Affairs. In 1882 he was made Papal Xuncio at Madrid, and it was he who suggested the Pope as arbitrator between Spain and Germany in the dispute over the Caroline Islands in 188.5. In 1887 he was created car- dinal and made Secretary of State to the Pope. This difficult position brought him into contact with the Italian Government, especially during Crispi's Premiership, when the penal laws di- rected particularly against the clergy aroused the anxiety of the Vatican. His aim, pursued with considerable vigor, was to strengthen French sympathies for the Holy See, and in this endeavor be antagonized Germany and Austria. On the death of Leo XIII. he was considered one of the leading candidates for the succession. RAMPUR,. ram-poor'. A native State, feuda- tory to the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (q.v.), British India, having an area of 945 square miles. Population, in 1901, 532,067, RAMPUR, The cai)ital of the native State of the same name, British India, on the Kosila River, 38 miles northwest of Bareli, with which it is connected by rail (ilap: India, C 3), It has a niilitar_y cantonment. The manufacture of pottery and damask is an important industry. Population, with cantonment, in I89I, 76,733; in 1901, 78,758, RAMSAY, ram'zl, ALLA^• (1680-1758), A Scotch poet, born at Leadhill.? in the parish of Crawford, Lanarkshire, October 15, 1086. His father was manager of Lord Hopetoun's mines at Leadhills. and his mother, Alice Bower, was the daughter of a Derbyshire miner. He received the ordinary education of a parish .school. In his sixteentli year be was apprenticed to a wig- maker in Edinburgh, and soon married (1712) and set up for himself. In 1716, or a little later, he gave up wigmaking and began business as- bookseller, first in High Street, under the sign of the ilercury, and afterwards in the Lucken- booths, under the heads of Drummond and Ben Jonson. Here he added to his business a cir- culating library, the first in Scotland. Care and industry enabled Ramsay to prosper in all bis undertakings but one. In 1736 he built a theatre in Carrubbers Close, In the following year the licensing act, proliiluting all dramatic exhibitions without a special license, compelled him to close bis theatre. In 1755 he built a quaint and picturesque bouse on the north side of Castle Hill, where he died, January 7, 1758. Ramsay's earliest poems were written for the entertainment of the Easy Club (1712-15). After setting up as a bookseller, he issued many short humorous pieces, printed as broadsides and sold for a penny each. In 1716 he published the old Scotch poem Christ's Kirk on the (jreen, adding a canto of his own, and two years later still another canto. This was followed by a volume of Scots Sonys (1719), By this time he was writing in the Horatian manner verse epistles to his friends. His first important pulilication was a collected edition of his poems in 1721, on which be realized 400 guineas. There followed Fables and Tales (1722): The Fair Assembly (1723); Health (1724); The Tea-table Misc'ellany, an anthology of Scotch and English songs (vol. i.. 1724; vol. ii., 1725; vol. iii.. 1727: vol. iv., 1740) ; The .Evergreen, a Scotch anthology, con- taining his own T'!S(o» (1724); a pastoral drama, entitled The Gentle Hhcpherd (1725), to which songs were added (1728) : a second collec- tion of poems (1728) ; and Thirty Fables (1730). Ramsay's tales and fables are amusing, but coarse. His verse epistles are neat and graceful. His many songs, as The Yelloir-hair'd Laddie, are the best before Burns. His finest longer lyric is The Vision. The Gentle Shepherd, which reached its tenth edition by 1750, was long held to be the best pastoral comedy ever written. It certainly marks an epoch in English pastoral poetry — the transition from, the artificiality of Pope's pastorals to real life, treated lightly and
