EANUNCtTLirS. 701 BAPE. cuius rcpens, etc., abundant in pastures, are sup- posed to give an unpleasant taste to milk and butter if eaten while fresh by cattle, but their acridity is lost in drying, and thej- are not in- jurious to hay, except as they are less desirable than grass, clover, etc. See Plate of Dicott- LEDOXS. EANVIEE, rax'vya'. Loos Axtoixe (1835 — ) . A French histologist, bom in Lyons. He studied medicine there and in Paris; received his degree in 1865; was adjimct of the histologi- cal laboratory in the College de France until 1875, when he was promoted to the chair of general anatomy; and was elected to the Acad- emy of Medicine in 1880. and in 1887 to the Academy of Sciences, in the zoological section. His works, which cover almost every branch of histology, include: Lemons d'anatomie generale (1878-79); ilaiuiel d'histologie jiatliologique (with Cornil, 1869-72) ; Traite technique d'his- tologie (1875-88; in German and Ru.ssian ver- sions also) ; and Legons d'anatomie generale sur le systime musculaiie (1890). BANZ DES VACHES,. raxs da vash (Swiss Fr., lowing of the cows, or, line of the cows). A name applied to certain simple native melodies of the Swiss Alps, which are usually sung by the lierdsmen, and played by them when driving their EAOUX, ra'oo', Jea.v (1677-1734). A French genre and portrait painter, born at Montpellier. He was a pupil of Ranc, in his native city, and of Bon Boulogne in Paris, where he won the Prix de Rome in 1704. His reception picture "Tele- machus and Calypso" is in the Louvre. !Most of his works are portraits of actresses as mytho- logical personages. These include Mile. Prevost as a Bacchante, and llUe. Quinant as Amphitrite, and subjects such as '"Young Girl Reading a Let- ter," in the Louvre, and "Flora," in the Histori- cal Society, Xew York City. His style is grace- ful and pleasing, but artificial. There are works by him at Versailles, Berlin, and in the Hermitage at St. Petersburg. EAFALLO, ra-piillo. A winter resort in the Province of Genoa, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Genoa, 16 miles by rail east by south of Genoa (Map: Italy, D 3). Rapallo has manufactures of lace and olive oil, and fisheries of coral and tunny. Population (commune), in 1901, 10,765. BAPE (from ME., ilLGer. rapen, to seize, snatch, Ger. raffen, to snatch, Eng. rap, to carry away, seize, confused with the unrelated Lat. rapere, to seize). The crime of having carnal knowledge of a woman against her consent and by force. The essence of the offense is that force be used, and it is immaterial what is the age of herds to and from the pasture, on the alpenhorn the woman, and whether she is married or single. ( q.v. ) . It is a peculiarity of this music that it is seldom in tune, owing to the presence of the eleventh overtone (a tone between f" and f-J) on the alpenhorn. Its principal characteristics are rising and falling broken chords, repetitions, and (when sung) the use of the jodler. A collection of ranz des vaches, along with other Swiss melo- dies (Sammlung von Schweizer Euhreigen und Volksliedern), was published at Berne, in 1818; and these airs are also to be found in the Allge- meines Schweizer Liederbuch (1851). The ranz des vaches of Switzerland are ruder in their char- acter than the mountain melodies of the Tyrol, with which they are sometimes confounded. EAOULT, ra-ool', Feancois :MAKn: (1830- 1901 ) . A French chemist, born at Fournes, Xord, and educated in Paris, where he became doctor of physical science in 1862. He became professor of chemistry (1870) and then (1889) dean of the faculty of science in the University of Gre- noble. His earlier studies were in electro-chem- istry; but he is better known for his work on the freezing point and boiling point of solutions. About 1884 he discovered the general law of the freezing of solutions, demonstrating that the de- pression of the freezing point of a liquid, caused by dissolving in it equal quantities of substances, is inversely proportional to the molecular weights of the latter. In 1886 he produced experimental evidence showing that a similar law holds good for the vapor-tension (and hence the boiling point) of solutions. Raoult's researches thus furnished the experimental basis of the modem theory of solutions, developed principally by Van't Hoff and Arrhenius. The importance of this theory cannot be overestimated. But the immediate practical value of Raoult's laws lies chaste or imchaste. The only difference caused by the habitual unchastity of the woman is that in such a case it is less easy to satisfy the jury that the element of consent was wanting. The two elements of rape ai'e the carnal knowledge and the force used. As to the element of re- sistance on the part of the woman, or force on the pai't of the man, several niceties often occur in the application of the law, from the great variety of circumstances attending this crime. With regard to an idiot woman, or an infant of tender years, it has been held that it is not necessary to prove resistance on her part, and that the crime may be committed though she made no resistance. If consent be extorted by fear and threats, or where several men join to- gether, and resistance is useless, this is the same as using violence to overpower the woman. Where the woman is stupefied by drink so that the power of resistance is annihilated it is the same as knocking her dovn. In case force is used in the first instance, but the woman afterwards con- sents, the crime of rape will not be committed, though the evidence may establish the crime of assault. Some difiieiUt eases have occurred with reference to married women who have been be- guiled by men personating their husbands, and so been, in a sense, cheated out of their consent. But it has been repeatedly decided by courts, both in England and America, that such an offense was not rape. Other courts have held it to be rape, declaring that the act which the woman per- mitted tinder such deceit cannot properly be re- garded as the real act which took place. Modern statutes have declared this to be the right view. They frequently, also, punish the carnal knowl- edge of girls imder sixteen years of age, whether in the fact that they permit of determining the they have given consent or not. molecular weight of innumerable substances that are non-volatile, but that are soluble in some liquid. See SotrTtON: MoLEcn.ES — ^Molecuuib Weights: Freezing Point ; Boiling Point; Dis- sociation. One of the important circumstances attending the crime of rape is the mode of proof, and in this respect it differs from other crimes. It is held to be all but essential, as a corroboration of the woman's story, that if her cries of resistance
