BAUMER. 722 RAVEN. standard work on that period; Ueier die ge- sckichiliche Enticickelung der liegriffe von Kecht, Staut und Politik (2d ed., 1820); Geschichte Europas seit dcm Ende des 15. Jahrhu)iderts (1832-50); Beitriige xur iieuern Geschichte aus dem Britischen Museum, etc. (lS3(j-30); Die vereinigten Staatcn von 'Sordamerika (1845); Antifjuarische Briefe (1851) : Ihindhuch zur Ge- schichte der Litteratur (ISCl-Uti). With F. A. Brockliaus he founded in 1830, and xmtil 1807 also edited the 11 istorisches Taschcnhtich. KAUMER, K.'VRL Georg VON (1783-18G5). A German geologist and educator, born at Wiir- litz, brother of the preceding. After study- ing at several German universities, and at the mining academy at Freiberg, in 1811 he became proefssor of mineralogy at Breslau, and in 1819 at Halle, whence in 1823 he went to the Dittmar training school in Nuremberg, and in 1827 he was appointed professor of natural history at Er- langen. Among Iiis works are: Gcor/nostische Fragmente (1811); ABC-Buch d^r Kristiillkuiide (1820-21) ; and Lehrhuch der allgemcinen Geo- graphie (1832; 3d ed. 1848). On education he wrote an imjiortant Geschichte der P,ad<tgugik (1843-51), which has been translated into Eng- lish and published in America. Raumer's auto- biogra])hy was published at Stuttgart in 1866. RAUPACH, rou'paci, Ee>st (1784-1852). A German dramatist. He was born at Straupitz, Silesia; studied theology at Halle; was for ten years tutor in Russia, and was subsequently (1816) appointed professor of philosophy, Ger- man literature, and history in the University of Saint Petersburg. Raupach left Russia in 1822, and, after a visit to Italy, .settled in Berlin, where he devoted the remainder of his life chief- ly to writing for the stage. His facility was remarkable, and he wrote in all about eiglity plays, besides letters and poems. Among his early pieces the following are noteworthy: Die Gefesselten (1821); Die Freunde (1825); and Isidor und Olga (1826). Among his comedies may be mentioned Die SchleichMindler ; Der Zeit- geist ; and the farces, Denic' an Vtisar and Schel- le ini Mcmde. Of his posthumous works are: Der Kcgelspieler (1853); the tragicomedy, Mulier Taceat in Ecclesia (1853); and Ha'at und Frucht (1854). The popular drama Der miller vnd sein Kind still holds the stage: He collected his earlier plays in two volumes, Dra- matische Werke komischer Guttnng (1829-35), and Dramatische Werke ernster Gattung (1830- 43). Raiipach's writings display great knowl- edge of stage effect, a happy talent for the in- vention of new and interesting situations, and a fine play of verbal wit. Consult Pauline Rau- pach, Riiupach, cine hiographische Skizze (Ber- lin, 1S53). RAUPENLEIM, rou'pen-llm (Ger„ cater- pillai- lime). A crude petroleum product resemb- ling an impure vaseline, more or less greasy, smooth, of a butter like consistency at ordinary temperatures, and absolutely resisting wash by rains, which is frequently used to form a band about trees to keep certain insects from climbing to the branches. RAUPP, roup, Karl (1837—), A German landscape and genre painter, born at Darmstadt. After studying under .Jakob Becker at the Stadel Institute in Frankfort, he became a pupil and zealous follower of Piloty in Munich (1860-65), where he soon gathered a small scliool. From 1868 to 1878 he was professor at the School of Arts in Nuremberg, and after that at the Acad- emy in Munich. His finely colored scenes from fishermen's and peasant life around Chiem Lake, which form his favorite subjects, show equal devotedness in the treatment of landscape and figures, and include: "In the Face of the Storm" (1885, Dresden Gallery); "Peace" (1889, Na- tional Gallerv, Berlin) ; "Serious Meeting" (1889, Miinster Gallery); and "Chiem Lake" (1898, Reichstags-Gebiiude, Berlin). He pub- lished a Katrchismus der ilalcrei (3d ed, 1898). RAVAILLAC, ra'va'yak', FRAxgois ( 1578- 1610). The assassin of Henry IV. of France. He was born at Angouleme, was a notary's clerk and schoolmaster, sulTered imprisonment for debt, and became diseased in health and un- settled in mind. After his release he joined the Order of Fcuillants in Paris, but was e.xpelled as a visionary fanatic, and then became inspired with hatred of the Huguenots, and determined to kill the Iwng. On May 14, 1610, as the King was passing in his coach tlirough the narrow street of Laferronnerie, Ravaillac climbed upon the right rear wheel of the carriage at the moment that its advance was hindered by a heavy wagon, and leaning forward he plunged a knife into the breast of the King. The first blow glanced aside but at the second thrust the knife entered the heart. Ravaillac escaped in the confusion, but was soon captured, admitted his guilt, and after a formal trial was put to death in the Place de Gr&ve, Jlay 27th, being torn asunder by horses. He steadily refused to say whether he had accomplices. Suspicion has rested upon the (^ueen, Maria de' iledici, and her favorites, the Concini, upon the Duke of Epernon, and on the Spanish Court and its .Jesuit advisers, but proof is lacking. Both Martin and Poirson have examined the case against Ravaillac with cai'e, and have come to the conclusion that the real cause was fanaticism which had degen- erated into monomania. Consult: Poirson, His- toire du regne de Henri IV. (Paris, 1857) ; Loise- leur, Rarailluc et ses complices (ib., 1873) ; Mar- tin, Histoire de France. RAVANA, ra'va-na (Skt., howler). The name of a Rakshasa (q.v.) wdio ruled over Lanka or Ceylon, and was said to be a monster with ten heads. He carried off Sita, the wife of Rama, to his residence, but was ultimately conquered and slain by the latter. See Ramayana. RAVELIN. See Fortification. RAVEN (AS. hracfn, OHG. hrahan. rahan, Ger. Rabe, raven : perha|)s connected with OPruss. kracco, black woodpecker, Lat. oorms, Gk. K6pai, korax. raven, Lat, comix, Gk. nopiivri, kortinc, crow, Skt. karava, raven, and with Lat. crocire, OChurch Slav, krakati. to croak, as well as with OHG. hruoh. AS. 7iror. Eng. rook). The largest of corvine birds (Corrns corax) . a spe- cies of crow usually more than two feet in length. The feathers on the neck are long, narrow, and pointed, forming a ruff: the bill is strong, compressed, sharp, somewhat hooked, and surrounded at the base with feathers and bris- tles. The wings are long and powerful ; the color is uniform black, lustrous in the male, and al- though this bird is nowhere migratory, even en- during winter in the Arctic regions, it never turns white at that season, as do most Arctic
