RAY. 728 RAYMOND. RAY, Isaac (1807-81). An American physi- cian, boi-n at Beverly, Mass. He graduated in medicine at Bowdoin College in 1827, and in 1841 ■was appointed superintendent of the Augusta State Insane Asylum. He was superintendent of the Butler Hospital for the Insane at Providence, E. I., from 1845 to 1S6G, wlien he removed to Philadelphia, where he wrote extensively for periodicals. He was the author of Conversations on Animal Economy (1829); Medical Jurispru- dence of Insanity (1838) ; Education in Relation to the Health of the Brain (1851) ; and Mental Hygiene (1803). RAY, John (1G27-1705). An English natural- ist. He was educated at Cambridge, where he became a fellow and took orders in the Church of England. He resigned his fellowship in 10G2 and for a time lived with his friend Francis Willughby, with whom he afterwards traveled extensively in England and on the Continent, studying botany and zoology. Ray published the following important works on the classitication of plants and animals: Catalogus Pluntarum Anglice (1070); Ornithotogiu, with Willughby (1076); Meihodus PUmtarum Xora (1082); Historia Piscium, with Willughby (1080); His- loria Plantarum (1086-1704) ; l^ynopsis Method- ica Animnlium, Quadriipedum, et Serpentini (Jencris ^'ul!/arium (1693); Historia Insectorum (posthumous, 1710). Ray's position in science is an important one, in that he was the first to attempt a classification of animals and plants which should express their natural relationships and he first introduced a workable definition of the terra species. His work furnished the basis upon which Linnfeus and Cuvier have constructed the modern systems of classification. The Ray Society of London perpetuates his worthy fame. RAYET, ra'ya', Oliver (1847-87). A French archaeologist, born in Cairou (Lot), and educated at the Normal College and in the French School at Athens (1800), whither he returned after the Franco-Prussian War. Soon afterwards the Rothschilds sent him with Albert Thomas to carry on excavations in Miletus. In 1884, having acted as maltre de conferences in Greek epigraphy at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes, and as suppleant in various chairs of archjeology, he became pro- fessor of archaeology at the Bibliotheque Na- tionalc. The Monuments de I'art antique (1884 sqq. ) was begun under his editorial charge. His other works were mostly in periodicals, but in 1888 were published a Histoire de la cera- inique grecque, edited by ilax Collignon, and a series of essays. Etudes d'archcologie et d'art. RAYLEIGH, ra'li, John William Strutt, third Baron (1842 — ). A distinguished pliysi- cist. He was educated at Trinity College. Cam- bridge, graduated in 1865. as senior wrangler in the mathematical tripos, and became a fellow of the college in 1806. He succeeded to the title of baron in 1873. He was professor of experimental physics in the University of Cam- bridge during 1879-84, and professor of nat- ural philosophy in the Royal Institution of London since 1887. He has been a fellow of the Royal Society since 1873. vice-president of the British Association (section A) since 1882, member of numerous other scientific so- cieties, including the United States National Academy of Sciences, and a correspondent of the Institute of France. Since 1896 he has been the scientific adviser to Trinity House, the British Lighthouse Board. In 1894 he discovered, in con- junction with Professor Ramsay, a new element, present in the atmosphere, which he has since prepared in quantity and has named argon. For this discovery he received from Columbia College, on recommendation of the National Academy of .Sciences, the Barnard medal "for meritorius ser- vice to science.' Lord Rayleigh ranks as one of the greatest living phj'sicists. His experi- mental work has been largely in the field of electrical standards and in phj'sical optics ; but he has carried on important researches in nearly every branch of physics, especially in acoustics, where his investigations are of the greatest value. His work is characterized by extreme care and accuracy, and the use of the most simple appara- tus, often home-made. He is the author of many valuable papers in the Philosophical Magazine, Philosophical Transactions, the Theory of Sound (2 vols., 1877-78 and 1894), and has edited J. Clerk-ilaxwell's Heat. His collected papers liave been published in four volumes (London, 1899- 1903). RAYMOND VI. Count of Toulouse. See Toulouse. County of. RAY'MOND, Andrew Van Vranken (1854 — ) . An American clergyman and educator, born at Vischer's Ferry. N. Y. He graduated at Union College in 1875 and the New Brunswick Theological Seminary in 1878. He held pas- torates at Paterson in 1878-81, at Plainfield in 1881-87. and at Albany in 1887-94, when he was made iiresident of Union College. RAYMOND, Bradford Paul (1846-). An American educator, born near Stamford, Conn. He served through the last year of the Civil War, and in 1866 entered Hamline University, Red Wing, Minn. On its suspension in 1869, for lack of funds. Raymond hired the college buildings and conducted the institution to the close of the year. Having completed his aca- demic course at Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis., he studied theology at Boston University, and philosophy at Leipzig and at Giittingen. After a short pastorate at Nashua, N. H., he be- came president of Lawrence L'niversity in 1883, and of Wesleyan University in 1889. RAYMOND, Henry Jarvis (1820-69). An American journalist and politician, born at Lima, Livingston County, N. Y. He graduated at the University of Vermont in 1840, and re- moved to New York City, where he studied law, and contributed to the New Yorker. When, in 1841, Cireeley founded the Tribune. Raymond became associated with him as assistant editor. In 1848 he left the Tribune, and took an edi- torial position on the Courier and Enquirer, be- coming at the same time associated with the publishing house of Harpers as a literary ad- viser. In 1851 he founded the New Y'ork Times, the first number of which appeared on September 18th of that year. He was a strong anti-slavery Whig, and after serving in the State Assembly, in 1854 he was elected Lieutenant-C4overnor of the State. In 1856 he became one of the most active and influential leaders of the new Republican Party in New Y'ork. was a member of its first national convention and drafted the famous Ad- dress to the People. In 1801 he was again elect- ed to the State Assembly and chosen Speaker. In 1804 he was elected to Congress. After Lin-
