BIOT. 161 RIPLEY. intend to terrify others, if such is the natural or necessary consequence of their riotous acts. When there is an assembly of three or more jiersons for some riotous purpose under such circumstances as to give rise to a reasonable ap- prehension on the part of others of a breach of the peace, although no actual puljlic disturbance does result, the offense is known as unlawful assembly. If some steps are taken toward the execution of the unlawful or riotous purpose which, however, fall short of actual public dis- turlianee, the offense is known as a rout. Thus if these persons assendile for the purpose of as- saulting another in the public street of a city, they are guilty of unlawful assembly. While on their way to the place of attack or making other active preparations for the attack they are guilty of rout, and upon the execution of their jiurpose by committing the public assault they are guilty of riot. The definition of the crime and its punishment are now generally regulated by statute. RIOT ACT. An English statute, 1 Geo. I., st. 2, c. 5 (1715), which provided that if twelve persons or more were unlawfully assembled and disturbing the peace, any sheriff, under-sheriff, justice of the peace, or mayor, might by proclama- tion command them to disperse, and that if they refused to obey and remained together for the space of one hour after such proclamation, all participating in the assembly were guilty of felony. The statute has not been generally re- enaeted in the United States, where the usual provision of the criminal law and police regula- tions have been found an adequate protection against rioters. RIPARIAN RIGHTS. The legal rights of owners of land containing a watercourse or bounded by one, to its banks, bed, and waters. 13y the common law, in the absence of express limitations to the contrary, an owner of land inunediately adjacent to a non-navigable stream owns the bed of the stream nsque ad fihim, that is, to the middle thread or centre of the stream. A riparian owner has the right to make a reas- onable use of the waters of a stream adjoining his property. This right is liberally construed, but will not extend to using all the water, even though he consume it all without waste. He cannot divert the stream, or so pollute its waters as to interfere with the rights of those below him on the stream. The most effective remedy of a riparian owner where another makes an un- reasonable or unlawful use of the waters of the stream is by injunction, and this gives ample op- portunity for a court of equity to consider all the circumstances. See such titles as Rivers ; FiLUM AQU.E; Accretion; Alluvion; Water Rights, etc. RIP'LEY. A town in Derbyshire, England, 10 miles northeast of Derby (Map: England, E ,3 ) . It has manufactures of silk and lace, and mines of coal. Population, in 1901, 10,100. RIPLEY, Eleazer Wheelock (1782-1839). An American soldier, prominent in the War of 1812. He was born in Hanover, N. H., graduated at Dartmouth in 1800. studied and practiced law, removed to Portland, Me., was one of the repre- sentatives of the District of Maine in the General Court of Massachusetts in 1810-11, serving as Speaker in the latter year, and in 1812 was elected to the State Senate. On the outbreak of the War of 1812 lie entere<l the I'nited States Army as a lieutenant, and by successive pmmo- tions became a colonel in .March, ISia, a bri){a- dier-general in April. 1814, and soon afterwards, by brevet, a major-general. He was wounded in the attack on York (now Toronto). Can.; h-cl the Second Brigaile of (ioneral .lacob lirown's army in the battles of Chippewa and l.undy's Lane; and after the latter battle, both Itrown and Scott being wounded, he exercised the chief comnuvnd. He occupied and fortilied Korl Erie. distinguished himself in the defense of that fort on August l.'i, 1814, and on .Septendier 17th was severely wounded while leading a sortie. (See Fort Erie.) He resigned from the army in 1820. removed to New Orleans, l.a., practiced law there, was elected to the Louisiana Legislature and from 18.S5 until his death was a member of Congress. RIPLEY, (iEORHE (1802-80). An American scholar and critic, born in (Jreenfield, Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1823, was an instructor there, studied theolog}-, and was ordained in 1820. He remained in Boston until 1841, busy- ing himself with philosopliical speculations, was gradually drawn into the Transcendental circle, wrote on metaphysics and education, and endeav- ored to further the knowledge of Continental lit- eratures by a scries of translations. On leav- ing his pulpit, he became a prime mover in the socialistic experiment of ]5rook Farm (q.v.). When this association failed ( 1847 ) Ripley went to Flatbush, L. L, and in 1848 he settled in .ew York City. He was the joint editor with C. A. Dana (q.v.) of Appletoii's Xeir American Cyclo- peedia ( lS,'>7-()3) , and of the new edition of that work (1873-70). He also worked on the staff of The Trihune, chiefly as literary critic, and brought its reviews up to a high standard. His first wife died in 1801, and in LSOo he married a German of Parisian education, after which he traveled nuich, and became the centre of a brilliant literary circle, exerting thus the most genial and helpful influence of his life, greater in what he inspired others to do than in what he himself accomplished. The translations of For- eign Standard Literature (14 vols.. 1838-42) were his most important pul)licatioris and in their time had great influence. Consult : Froth- ingham, George RipleJi, in the "American Men of Letters" (Boston, 1882) ; Swift. Ilruuk Farm (New York, 1900), which has a bibliography; and see Transcexue.ntalism. RIPLEY, Henry .Tones (179S-187.'">1. An American Baptist divine and biblical scholar. He was born at Boston. Mass.. and educated at the Boston Latin School and Harvard College. After finishing his theological course at . dover in 1819 he became an evangelist among the South- ern slaves. One year excepted, he continued these labors until 1820, when he entered the faculty of the Newton Theological Seminary, as professor of bildical literature and pastoral iluties. From 181)0 to ISfi.i he was engaged in private literary work at Newton and gave instruction to freedmen jiroachers at Savannah, Ga. In I8ti« he returned to Newton Seminary as lil)rarian, and from 1S72 to 1875 served as associate luofessor of biblical literature. His writings include: .1 Memoir of Rev. Thomas .S'. Winn ( 1824) ; Christian liaplism (183.1); Saered Rhetoric (1849); Fsclusirrncss of the Baptists (1857) ; Church I'oUty (1867).
