ROCHESTER. 203 ROCHESTER. Rochester several concerns that rank among the largest in the world iu their resi)ective lines. These include a preserving establislinicnt. a but- ton factory, lubricating oil works, a eider and vinegar plant, and a manufactory of folding-box machinery. Rochester is a city of the second class and as such is governed under the regular charter ])ro- vidcd by legislative enactment. This charter became operative on January 1, 1000. The gov- ernment is vested iu a mayor and common council elected every two years, and in various adminis- trative departments, for further explanation of which see paragraph on Administnitioii under Aluaxy. The comptroller, treasurer, jiolice jus- tice, assessors, and supervisors arc chosen by ])opular election; other odicials are appointed bj' the mayor. The city clerk is elected by the com- mon council. The city spends annually for maintenance and operation about $2,910,350, the ])rincipal items being: schools, .$703,'285; interest on debt, .$319,000; municipal lighting, !(i22.5,000; the fire department, .$244,387 ; the police depart- ment. .$204,800; streets, $190,000 ; ash and garb- age removal, $111,000; water-works, $110,000; charitable institutions. $95,000. The net debt of the city in 1902 was $10,240,018; the as- sessed valuation of real and personal property. $110,448,973. The water-works, which have cost $7,403,129, are owned and operated by the muni- cipality. There are in all 348 miles of mains. Two systems are in o])eration — a gravity system for drinking-water, deriving its supply from lakes some 30 miles south of the city, and a direct pumping system taking water from the Genesee River. The direct system is used for manufactur- ing purposes, for the fire department, etc. These works have a daily capacity of 7,000,000 gallons. In connection with the gravity system are a storage reservoir and a distributing reservoir, possessing capacities respectively of 63,500.000 and 22,500,000 gallons. The population of Rochester, in 1820, was 2003; in 1850, 30,403; in 1870, 02,380; in 1880, 89.300; in 1890, 133,890; in 1900. 102,008. The total, in 1900, included 40,748 persons of foreign birth and 601 of negro descent. Rochester was permanently settled in 1810 on land owned by Xathaniel Rochester. William Fitzhugh, and Charles Carroll, all of ilaryland. The first frame dwelling house was built two years later. Until 1822 the village (incorporated iu 1817) was Iciiown as Rochesterville, and in 1834 the city of Rochester was chartered. The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 gave a great impetus to the growth of the place. Rochester was the centre of the Anti-Masonic excitement from 1820 to 1835, Yilliam Slorgan having been a resident of the city before his abduction from Batavia. (See Anti-Mason.s.) In 1849 the famous 'Rochester Rappings' at- tracted widespread attention and gave rise to modern spiritualism in the United States. Be- fore the Civil War, Rochester, being the home of Myron Holley and Frederick Douglass, was prominent in the anti-slavery struggle, and it was here that Seward, in 1858. made the famous speech in which he spoke of the impending 'ir- repressible conflict between opposing and endur- ing forces,' Consult : Parker, Rnrhmtrr. A f)tnrii Historical (Rochester, 1884) : TJixtorji and Com- merce of Ifochcster (New York, 1894), Vol. XVII. -14. ROCHESTER. A borough in Heaver County, I'a,, 25 miles northwest of I'iltsburg; on tlio Ohio River, at its junction with the Beaver, and on railroads of the Pennsylvania svsteni (Xlap: Pennsylvania, A 3). It has vahiab'le advantagcH as an industrial centre, being siluateil in a dis- trict producing gas, oil. coal, tire clay, and build- ing stone. The nianufaelures include ghis.t (tumblers, cut glass, bottles), pottery, brick, stoves, flour, and lumber products. Population, in 1890, 3049; in 1900, 4088. ROCHESTER, IIenrv Wii.mot, Earl of (c.l(il2-5S). All adherent of Charles 1. and Charles II. For his part in the plot against the Long Parliament he was cx- ])el!ed from the Commons. In the Civil War lie sided with the King, and defeated Waller at Roundway Down in 1043. and again in l(i44 at Ciopredy Bridge, but because of his intrigues and the hostility of Prince Rupert and of Lord Digby was deprived of his command. He retired to France and became an intimate friend of Charles TI,, whom he rescued several times by his skillful disguises. He was made Earl of Rochester in 1052, was very successful in dip- lomatic errands to the Continent, and took part in most of the Royalist plots against Cromwell. ROCHESTER, .John Wilmot, second Earl of (1047-80). An English poet, wit, and courtier. He was born at Uiteliley. Oxfordshire, He en- tered Wadliam College, Oxford, when only twelve years old; and at fourteen, by titular privilege, was, with other persons of rank, made M.A. by Lord Clarendon, .-^fter traveling in France and Italy, he became attached to the Court, and rose lii.gh in favor with Charles II, , who made him one of the gentlemen of the bedchamber and comptroller of Woodstock Park. His wit and love of pleasure made him a favorite of a dissolute court; he. however, incurred the displeasure of the King, and was committed to the Tower, for the forcible abduction of a celebrated beauty and heiress, Jliss Mallett, who was rescued by her friends, but whom he subsecpiently married be- fore he was twenty years old. He wrote i)rose and verse with facility, and Anthony Wood speaks of him as the greatest scholar among the nobility of his day; hut as he grew older he gave less of his time to study, and more to wine and vicious companions. His hejillh became under- mined by excess and ho died at the age of thirty- two. Bishop Burnet wrote an interesting aceoiint of his deatli under the title of <S'o»ir I'ds/iancs of the Life and Death of John, Earl of Rochester (1081). from which it appears that he sincerely repented his dissolute course. His published works include many love-songs, an elegant I m na- tion of Horace on Lueiliiis, a Hatirc AyainsI Man, in which he is much indebted to Boileau, and an Essai/ on othin(j. ROCHESTER, Laurence Hyde, Earl of (1041-17111. .
English statesman, son of the
historian Clarendon. He entered Parliament at the Restoration, acted on several diplomatic mis- sions, and in 1079 became First Lord of the Tn^as- ury and Privy Councilor. In 1081 he was inaile Viscount Hyde. In the same year he negotiated the secret subsidy from France and in Xoveiiiber became Earl of Rochester. On the accession of James II. he became Lord Treasurer. On account of his opposition to the King's Catholic policy, and for his stand as an English churchman, he
