SAWMILL. 604 SAXE. anil it is in'»' goiunilly "Kcil for sawing timber in uU count lies where the Imnber indua- trv has roacheil si hi^'h phxne of coinmercini im- po'rtancf. This mill consists of ii frame or stand- ard carrj-ing two brond-faceil wheels mounted one above the other. Over these wheels a continuous band of steel works exactly like a belt between two pullcv wheels. This steel band is the saw- and the logs are fed endwise against its tool lied edge by traveling carriages. In a modern band sawniiil the saw has a continuous cutting sjieed to 80,000 feet, board measure. i)cr day. The most recent dcvclojimcnt in sawmills is the gang sawmill, and this has received its highest development in Europe, where the size of timber is smaller than in America. A gang saw- mill operates on mudi the same principle as the old sawmill ilhistrated in Fig. 1. Indeed, if we imagine tlie single saw of Fig. 1 to be replaced by a dozen or more parallel saws spaced ecjual distances apart we have a very correct notion of a gang sawmill, except that in modern construc- tion the mill is a conii)act self-contained con- struction of iron and steel, which often is in one piece w-itli the steam engine which operates it. The gang sawmill usually operates on timber which has been roughly squared by band or cir- cular sawmills, and its merit is, as is quite obvious, that it cuts the whole timber into boards in one passage through the mill. The forms of sawmills which have l)een described are special- ized for such work as sawing shingles, clapboards, etc., by arranging and grouping the saws and by providing special carriages for automatically feeding the timber to the saws in such a manner as to produce the particular form of timber re- quired. A sawmill plant is a plant in which logs from the lumlier camps are sawed into rough lumber. According to the United States census there were in the United States in 1900 31,883 sawmill plants in operation. These plants repre- sented a capital of $805,785,226, employed 229,717 wage-earners, consumed raw material valued at- $226,138,992, and turned out a finished • product valued at ,$422,812,061. See Lumber I.ndisthy; Wood- Working JIachinery. SAWNEY. See National Nicknames. SAW-VIPER. A small vipe^ of the Old World deserts, marked with a dorsal series of light spots, and a zigzag line along each side suggesting tlie teeth of a saw. It is fierce, ag- gressive, and very poisonous ; and it has the pe- culiarity of making a "curious, prolonged, almost hissing sound, by rubbing the folds of the sides of the body against one another, when the ser- rated lateral scales grate together." The most widely distributed species, called 'eja' in Egypt, is Echis cariiiala, occurring from Morocco to Northern India; a second species (Echis colo- rutii) inhabits Arabia and Palestine. Consult authorities cited under Viper. SAWWHET OWL. A small brown-streaked owl (ijrtiiJii Acuilica), without ear-tufts, rather common in the Northeastern States and Canada, so named from its curious rough cry. SAWYER, Leicester Ambrose (1807-98). An American biblical scholar, one of the fir.st of the higher critics in this country. He was born in Pinckney, N. Y., studied at H.imilton College and at Princeton Theological Seminary, was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1832, but left that communion in 1854, after hav- ing been pastor in New York and Connecticut and president of Central College, Ohio, and en- tered the Congregational ministry. Sawyer abandoned the doctrine of verbal inspiration, re- translated the Bible, publishing the New Testa- ment in 1858 and the prophetical books of the Old Testament in 1860, and wrote: Elemrnlf! of rUhlinil littcrprctation (1834); Organic Chris- tiiinitu (1854); and Filial Theology (1879). SAX, saks, Ch.arles Joseph (1791-1865). A Belgian-French instrument maker, born at Di- nant-sur-ileuse. In 1815 he established him- self in Brussels and soon became known for his brass instruments, although he also made other instruments. He is credited wath the discovery of the exact proportion for the scale of wind in- struments most conductive to a full round tone. Together with his son, Adolphe (1814-94), he made many improvements in musical instru- ments. A(inlphe perfected the clarinet and the bass clarinet, and invented the saxophone (q.v. ) SAXA RUBRA (Lat, red stones). A sta- tion of the ancient Via Flaminia, eight miles north of Rome, so called from the red volcanic tufa of the locality. Here Maxentius was de- feated in 312 by Constantine. SAXE,. John Godfrey (1816-87). An Ameri- can humorous poet. He was born in Highgate, Vt., and graduated at Middlebury College. He was called to the bar in 1843, and in 1850 bought the Burlington (Vt.) SentiiK-l, which he ran for six years. He then became Attorney-General of Vermont and deputy collector of customs. Later he was editor of the Albany (N. Y.) Evening Journal, wrote and lectured, and published verses in the Knickerbocker Magazine and Harper's Weekly. His works include: Progress:: A Satiri- cal Poem (1846); Poems (1850); The Monexj- King, and Other Poems (1859); Clever Stories of Many Nations Rendered in Rhyme (1865); The Masquerade, and Other Poems (1806); Fables and Legends of Many Countries (1872) ; Leisure-Day Rhymes (1875). His verse abounds in burlesque and puns, but there are not wanting sketches with genuine human interest. SAXE, saks, Maurice, Count de (1696-1750). A French marshal, born at Goslar, Germany. He was the illegitimate son of Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, and the Swedish Countess Aurora von Kiinigs- niark. When only twelve years of age he Joined the army of Prince Eugene, and took part in the capture of Lille and the siege of Tournay. In 1711 he served with the Russo-Polish army be- fore Stralsund. He took part in a campaign against the Turks in 1717, and in 1720 he went to Paris, where he studied military tactics and engineering. In 1726 he was elected Duke of Courland, but he incurred the enmity of lioth Russia and Poland and was compelled to rotire to France in the following year. Joining the French army on the Rhine, under the Uuke of Berwick, he distinguished himself at the siege of Philippsburg (1734), and in the battle of Et- tingen. For these services he was made a lieu- tenant-general in 1736; and on the breaking out of the War of the Austrian Succession, he ob- tained the command of the left wing of the French army which was appointed to invade Bohemia. He captured Prague and Eger (1741) and showed signal ability in the field, and in 1744 was made a marshal of France and ap-
