SCHLEIERMACHER. 643 SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN. in Germany Since lidnt (Kiig. trans., Lomloii, 18!)0). SCHLEIZ, shuts. The second residence town of the I'lincipality of Keuss, Youn;;or l,inc, (Jer- nuiiiy. ill a fertile district, 20 miles northwest of i'laueu (Jlap Cerniany, D 3). Among the architectural features of the town are a hite Gothic church with the burial vaults of the rulers, and the palace of the Prince with a li- brary. Schk'iz has a provincial deaf and dumb asylum, industrial art schools, and a workhouse. It manufactures cotton and woolen goods, nu'tal wares, and toy.s. In the vicinity is a picturesque castle belonging to the Prince. Population, iu moo, 5331. SCHLESWIG, shla.s'viK (Danish Slesvig). Until ISO-t a duchy belonging to Denmark, sep- arated from Holstein by the Eider ( ilap : Den- mark, C 4). In 186G it was annexed to Prussia as a part of the Province of Schleswlg-Holstein (q.v.). SCHLESWIG. The capital of the Province of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, at the west end of the Schlei. 87 miles by rail north by west of Hamburg (Map: Prussia, CI). It consists chiefly of a single semicircular street, and is divided into Friedrichsberg, Lollfuss, and the Altstadt. Its principal structures are the twelfth-century Romanesque Gothic Cathedral, restored in 1894, containing an oak shrine with 398 carved figures : Saint Michael's Church (1100), recently rebuilt; and the church and palace of Gottorp. The industries are fishing, the manufacture of leather and machinery, and the shipping of coal, cereals, and Unuber. .Schles- wig is first mentioned in 804 as Sliestorp. It was made the seat of a bishopric in 948, and received numicipal privileges in the twelfth cen- tury. It was the residence of the Danish. Govern- or of Schleswig-Holstein from 1731 to 1846. In 1805 it passed to Prussia. Population, in 1900, 17,909. SCHLESWIG HOLSTEIN, hol'stm. A province of Prussia, occupying the most north- erly part of the German Empire, with the ex- ception of the district about Memel. It is bound- ed by .lutland on the north, the Baltic Sea, Lii- beck. and Mecklcnburg-Sehwerin on the east, Hamburg and Hanover on the south, and the Xorth Sea on the west ( Map : Prussia, CI). The former duchies of Schleswig and Holstein con- stitute the northern and southern halves re- spectively. Its area is about 7340 square miles. The surface is generally flat. The eastern coast land, which is indented by several deep and nar- row fiords, and which is more elevated than the western, contains most of the agricid- tural land of the province. The interior is chiefly moorland, a continuation of the Liineburg heath on the south. The soil along the western coast consists of marshy but fertile marine al- liiviuni. and the land is here so low that it has to be protected from the sea by dikes. The west coast is lined by a series of sandy islands in- closing shallow lagoons, which are in great part dry at low tide. The principal rivers flow into the North Sea. The Elbe forms the southern boundary of the province, and the Eider separates the former duchies of Schleswig and Holstein The province is traversed by several canals, the most important of which is the new Kaiser Wllhelm Canal, connecting the North .Sa with the Baltic. Agriculture is the chief occupation of the province. The production of wheat, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, hay, beets, etc., is considernhle. Schleswig-Holstein has long been famous for it8 excellent cattle, which are exported all over the world for breeiling purposes. Horses are also ex- tensively raised. The fisheries are of limited ex- tent. The oyster banks owned by the Slate show signs of exhaustion. The mineral prodnelion is small, and confined chiefly to iron and lurf. Manufacturing industries arc little developed. Metal ware and some nuichincry are proiluced, and there are several textile mills, shipyards, sugar refineries, distilleries, etc. The advantageous position of the province between the North Sea and the Baltic has contributed largely to its commer- cial development, which is much greater than the natural resources of the province would warrant. The shipping is very considerable in the three chief ports of Altona, Flensburg, and Kiel, the last being also an important naval port. Ad- ministratively the province is conterminous with the District of Schleswig. the seat of government being at the town of Schleswig. In the Prussian Landtag the province is representeil by 19 mem- bers in the Lower and 11 in the Upper Cluunber. It returns 10 members to the (Jerman Heii'hstng. Population, in 1900, 1,387.587, almost wholly Protestant. There were 135,000 Danes. Danisii is still the predominating language in the north- ern districts. HiSTORy. Schleswig was annexed to the Ger- man Kingdom in the tenth century and was con- stituted a so-called mark. The town of Schles- wig became the seat of a bishopric in 948. The region was obtained by the Danish King Knut (Canute) from the Emperor Conrad II. in 1027, and for a long time it was administered as a sepa- rate .sovereignty by members of the Danish royal house. In the course of the thirteenth century Schleswig was transformed into an hereditary duchy, which remained a fief of Denmark. In 1375 Schleswig passed into the possession of the counts of Holstein of the House of Kendsburg. Margaret of Denmark confirmed this union by a treaty in 138G. Schleswig continuing as before a Danish fief, with a provision that it should never be incorporated with Denmark. In 14(10. after the extinction of the Kendsburg line. Schleswig and Holstein placed themselves under the rule of Christian I. of Denmark, of the House of Ol- denburg. This union was in the nature of a dynastic one merely, and it was stipulated that Schleswig and Holstein should never be sep- arated from each other. As ruler of Holstein the King of Denmark becanu' a menfl)er of the Germanic body. In 1474 Holstein was erected from a county into a duchy. The Danes always .regarded Schleswig as Danish and the mass of the people were until recentlv Danish. Under the House of Oldenburg the nobility became more and more Germanized. By the beginning of the nineteenth century the German popidation bad become as numerous as the Danish. Holstein had at an earl.y period become completely Ger- manized. .After the Napoleonic wars the King of Den- mark entered lb" Diet of the German Coti federa- tion as Duke of Holstein. King (Christian VIIL, who ascended the throne in 1839, made it the chief aim of his policy to bring Schleswig-Hol-
