SCHOMBUBGK. 658 SCHONEMANN. works include: Desciiption of British Ouiana, Oeui/raphical and Slalistical (1840); Twelve I ieuD in Ihv Interior of tluiuna (1840) ; History of Hnrbadois (1847). His most faiiiuus botan- ical iliscovc'iy was that of the Victoria regia (q.v.). SCHON, shC-n. Heixhicii Tiikodor vox (1773- ISStl). A i'rnssian statosniaii, born in Lithuania. Ik' stuilifil law and political science at Kfiniss- berg. In 179:i lie entered the Government ser- vice and was rapidly promoted, serving as (_;overnor. After the Peace of Tilsit he rendered great assistance in carrying out the reforms of Stein an<l Hardenberg, and to him is attributed the authorship of the Politisvlies Testumimt, which Stein issued upon his retirement from ollicc. In 181U Schon was appointed Governor of West Prussia, and eight years afterwards of the whole Province of Prussia. Under his adminis- tration many reforms were made, lie was an ardent liberal, and it was partly through his efforts that upon the accession of the new King in 1840 a demand was made for a constitution. Schiin was made Minister of State, but liis ideas were too advanced for Frederick William IV., and he found it expedient in 1842 to retire from political life. His memoirs and correspondence were published bj' his son under the title of Aiis den I'apicren des Ministers und Burgt/rafen von Maricnburg Theodor von Hchon (1875-83). Con- sult ."^eelev, Life and Times of Stein (Cambridge, 1878). SCHONBACH, shen'ljiiK, Anton (1848—). An Austrian Germanic philologist, born at Eum- burg, Bohemia. After studying in Vienna and under Scherer and Miillenhoff, iu Berlin, he be- gan to lectvire at Vienna in 1872. and was ap- pointed professor at the University of Graz in 1873. Besides valuable editions of Old-German sacred poetry and prose, such as Veher die ilnrieiiklagen (1874), Altdeiitsche Predigten (1880-91), Auslese altdeutschcr Segcnsforineln (1893), he published Beitrage ziir Charakteristik Hawthornes (1884) ; Walther von der Vogelweide (2d ed„ 1895) ; Ueicr Uartmann vow Aue (1894); Das Christentum in der altdeutschen Heldendichtung (1897); Gesammelte Anfs.iitze zur neueren Litteratur in Deutschland, Oester- reich, Amerika (1900) ; Studicn zur ErziiMuiigs- litteratur des Mitfelalters (1898-1902) ; and Leber Lesen und Bildung (6th ed., 1900). which met with great approbation. Conjointly with Bernhard SeufTert he edits the Grazer Studien zur dentsrhcn Pliilologie (Graz, 1895 et seq.). SCHONBEIN, shennjln, Cheistian Fried- RTCii (1799-1868). A German chemist, born at Metzingen, Wiirttemberg. He studied natural science at Tiibingen and Erlangen and became professor at Basel in 1828. In 1839 he discovered ozone and in 1845 invented guncotton. from which, by dissolution in a nii.xture of alcohol and ether, he obtained the material called collodion, which soon found application in surgery. His works include: Das Verhalten des Eisens zum Hauerstoff (1837); Beitriige zur phi/sikalischen Chemie (1844) ; Ueber die Erzeugung des Ozons (1844) ; Ueber die langsame und rasche Verbren- nung der Kiirper in atmosphiirischer Luft ( 1845) . For his biography, consult Hagenbach (Basel, 1868) and Kahlba'um and .Sehaer (Leipzig, 1901 ) . SCHONBERG, shenlierK, or Mahrisch- ScHoNBKita. A town of the Province of Moravia, Austria, on the River Tess, 159 miles by rail east-southeast from Prague (Map: Austria, E 2). It lies in a charming valley, has a liandsome cliureli, and a weaving and agricultural seliool. It is an industrial centre, with large manufac- tures of textiles. Population, in 1900, 11,630, mostly tiermans. SCHONBERG, Gr.STAV von (1839—). A German economist, born in Stettin and eilucated in Bonn and Berlin. In 1809 he went to Basel, in 1870 to Freiburg, and in 1873, as profes.sor of political economy, to Tiibingen, where in 1899 he was appointed chancellor of the university. Among his works are: Zur wirtschaftiichen Be- deutung des deutsehen Zunftwesens im ilittel- alter (1868) ; Die Yolksuirtschaft der Oei/ennart (1869); Die Frauenfrage (1873); Die'sitllich- religiose Bedeutung der sozialen Fragc (2d ed, 1876) ; Zur Handw€r]:erfrage (1876) ; Socialpoli- tik dest Deutsehen lieiehs (1886) ; and Volksirirt- schaftUche Abhandlungen (1886; 4th ed. 1898). He was one of the editors of a Handbuch der politischcn Oekononiie (4th ed. 1896-98). SCHONBRUNN, shen'brun. A famous palace in the outskirts of Vienna, the summer residence of the Imperial family (Map: Austria, B 5). Hero the Treaty of Schiinbrunn between Austria and France, following the victory of Napoleon at W'agram, w'as signed on October 14, 1809. Austria surrendered Salzburg, part of Upper Aus- tria, and Carinthia, Carniola, most of Croatia, the Adriatic coast-land, and the territory which she had taken in the third partition of Poland (1795). SCHONEBECK, she'ne-bek. A town in the Province of Saxony, Prussia, on the Elbe, 8 miles south-southeast of Magdeburg (Map: Prussia, D 2 ) . It has important chemical works and salt refineries. It also manufactures matches, colors, buttons, machinery, artificial guano, etc. There is a trade in grain, timber, and coal. Population, | in 1900, 16.257. || SCHONEBERG,. she'ne-berK. A residential i*l suburb of Berlin (q.v.). It is the seat of an aerial navigation bureau of the German army, and has an observatory and a large private insane asylum. The manufactures include sul- phite-cellulose, photographic apparatus, ])aper, lightning-rods, and military supplies. There is also a large railway repair and construction shop. Population, in 1900, 90.059. SCHONEFELD, she'ne-felt, Henrt (1856-). An American composer and pianist, born in Milwaukee, Wis. In 1874 he went to Leipzig for study. He returned to America in 1879, and settled in Cliicago, where he conducted several musical societies, and was on the faculty of the Hershe.y School of Music. He was one of the first American-born composers to use negro folk- songs. He became a member of both the Chicago and the New York Manuscript Society. His com- positions include Giipsy Melodies, Liberty, In the Sunny South. Rural Symphony, Reverie, Sere- nade, Valse Hrilliante, and Kleine Tanz Suite. SCHONEMANN, she'ne-man, Anna Elisa- beth (1758-1817). A friend of Goethe, born in Frankfort-on-thejilain. She was the daughter of a wealthy merchant, was betrothed to Goethe in the spring of 1775 and inspired his poems to "Lili." The engagement was soon broken, and in August she married Baron von Turckheim, who
