SCHTJLZ. 671 SCHUMACHER. was conductor at Copenliagcn. lie published: Oemnf/e am Clavhr (177!l) and Licder im VolLstun (17821, which were printed tdgethor, with augmentations, as Lictlcr im IoU-s/oh in 1785; Vhansoiis Itclicniies (1782) ; operettas and operas ; the oratorio Johannes und Marie ; and the passion cantata Christi To/I. He was a song composer of great originality. SCHtlLZ, iloRiTZ (lS2.")-in04). A German sculptor, hum at Leobschlitz, I'pper Silesia. He studied at the Industrial School in Posen. at the Berlin Academy, and as a pupil of Friedrich Drake. From 1854 to 1870 he lived in Rome, studying the old masters and executing numerous works. Upon his return he pre|iare(l for the Jlonument of Victory in the Kiinigsplatz of Berlin a bronze relief of the liattle of Kij- niggriitz. A series of decorations by him repre- senting elementary instruction in the arts of painting and sculpture occupies a place in the entrance to the National Gallery, together with a frieze, 22 meters in length, depicting "The Tri- umph of the Artists," or the history of German art as displayed in its chief representatives. His further works include a statue of Frederick the Great for Tliorn, and numerous subjects derived from allegory or classical mythology. SCHTTLZE, shul'tse. Ernst (1780-1817). A German poet, l)orn at Celle. He studied theology at Gilttingen, but afterwards devoted himself to philology. The death of Cacilie Tychsen, in whose memory his epic Ciicilie (1818) was writ- ten, clouded all his later life. His writings are romantic in style and mainly in allegorical form. The epic Die be^auherte Rose (1818), his last work, is a poem of classic beauty of style. fiiinillielie poelisehe HVr/.-p were edited by Bout- erwek (3d ed., with biography by Marggralf, Leipzig, IS.1.1). SCHULZE, Franz Eiliiard (1840—). A Ger- man zoologist, born in Eldena and educated at Eostock and Bonn. He was professor at Rostock 1865-73, at Gratz. until 1884, and then at Berlin, where he became director of the Zoolog- ical Institute. Schulze sailed in the Pomer- ania expedition, while he was at Rostock; spe- cialized on sponges, and WTote America nische HexaetineVideii. His most important single dis- covery was that of the sponge Halisarca, a mere germinal cell (1877). SCHULZE, Friedrich Avgust ll77n-1849). A (ierman novelist, born in Dresden. His first novel, Der Mann, aiif Freiefsfiissen (1801), was favoralily received, liut his work as a whole is without particular value. Under the pseiulonym Friedrich Laiui he wrote many volumes, and with Apel edited a Gespensterbuch (1810-14). SCHULZE, Friedrich Gottlob (179.5-1800). A German economist, born at Obergavernitz, near IMeissen, and hence called Schulzc-Giivernitz. He was educated at Leipzig and Jena ; became pro- fessor in the latter university in 1821, and, after founding there an agricultural institute, the first connected with a Gennan university, in 1832 went to Greifswald, where he established a similar training school. These institutions exercised great influence throughout Germany. In 1839 he returned to .Jena. Schulze wrote Driitsehe Blatter fiir Lfindfcirtsehaff uud Nationalokono- iiiie (1843-59), XiitioiiriKIxOnomie oder 'olI,'fi- wirtschaftslehre (1856), and the posthumous Lchrhuch der aUgemeincn Latidwirtschaft (1803). A memorial to him was erected at Jena in 1807. Consult: Birnbnum. .S'c/ii(/;c ah h'eforniator der Lniidnirlseliaftslclirc (Frank- fort, 1800), and the biogrnpliy by his son, Her- mann (HeiiUdberg, 1888), SCHULZE, .ToiiAXNE.s (178C-18C9), A Ger- man iduiatdr and administrator. He was born at Briihl, in MecklenlmrgSchwerin, studied at Halle, and taught at Weimar and Hanau. In 1813 he became chief counselor on education in Frankfort, in 1815 a member of the Coblenz con- sistory, and in 1818 referendary to the Prussian .Ministry of Education in Berlin, a post he kept until 1S40, and one in which his great work of reforming the educational methods in the higher schools of Prussia was performed. In 1849 he was appointed director of the Department of Education, an oflice he resigned ten years after- wards. He was an ardent Hegelian" and edited Hegel's Philnomenologic des (leistefi (2d ed. 1841), and somt' of Winckelmann's works. Con- sult Varrentrapp. .Johannes .Sehiihe und das hiihire preussische Unterrichtsiicesen (Leipzit;, 1889). SCHULZE-DELITZSCH, da'llch, Hermann (1808-83). A German economist and sociologist, the founder of the German coiiperative move- ment. He was born at Delitzsch. studied juris- prudence at the universities of Leipzig and Halle, and subsequently held judicial positions at Xaumburg and Berlin, playing a prominent part in the liberal movement of 1848-49 in Prussia. Schulze-Delitzsch advocated coilperation and de- voted himself to the establishment of coiiperative associations which should secure to the laborers the benefits of the wholesale market. Cooperative banks were also established, which lent money on moderate terms. He endeavored to :iccustora the people to rely upon their own initiative to improve their condition. He declared that the function of the State should be limited to assur- ing industrial and personal liberty. Schulze- Delitzseh's writings are chiefly in the form of pamphlets. His most importiint doctrines are embodied in: Information on Professional and Labor Associations (18.50) : Manual of .t.s-.vocm- tion for Artisans and German ^yorknten (1853) ; Suppression of Social Reform hi/ Lasalle ( I860) ; Social /{ifihts und Duties (18(J7); Development of Cooperative As.iociationS' in German;/ (1870). Consult Bernstein. Sehuhe-Delitzsch. Sein Lehen und Wirken (Berlin. 1879). SCHULZE-GAVEKNITZ, ga'vcr-nits. (Jer- HABT VON (1864 — ). A German economist, born in Breslau. He became professor at Freiburg in 1893, and at Heidelberg in 1896, and then re- turned to Freiburg. He wrote Zum sotialcii Fricden (1890), Gro-i^shetrieb (1892), Thomas Carli/les ^^c(^ uud Lehensanschauuny (1893), Voll.-sirirlsehaftliehe Studien aus Ixussland (1899 1. and other historical and critical studies. SCHUMACHEK, shoo'miio-er, Heinrich Christian (1780-1850). A Danish astronomer, born at Bramstedt, Holstein. He studied at Kiel, .lena, Copenhagen, and Giittingen. In 1810 he became adjunct professor of astronomy in Copen- hagen. In 1813 he was ai)pointed director of the -Mannheim observatory, and in 1815 professor of astronomy and director of the Copenhagen observatory. In 1822 he published tables of the distances of Jupiter, Saturn, ilars, and Venus
