SCHWARZ. 677 SCHWARZENBERG. in 18C9, at the University of Gottingen in 1875, and lit iierlin in lSSi2. tSchwarz was a lollowur of Weierstrass, some of whose lectures he edited under the title Foniiflii mid Lehrsiitze zum (jc- brauche der cllii>tischen Funktioiun (1883-85; 2d ed. 1803). His own woi-ks on minimal surfaces and the theory of functions inchule licslitiimiuig einer spc::icllcn MiiiiiiuitjUicUe, which was crowned by the Berlin Academy in 18(i7 and printed in 1871. and Uesamiiielte inathcmutinche Ablitiiul- liiiKjni (ISilO). SCHWARZBURG-RUDOLSTADT, shviirts'- biiorK r<l«T'dol-:rt.'(t. A principality and constituent State of the German Empire, situated in 'I'lui- ringia, and consisting of several detached por- tions. The capital, Kudolstadt, is 18 miles sovitli of eimar. Total area, 303 square miles. The western and larger part belongs to the region of the Thuringian Forest, and reaches an eleva- tion of 21100 feet. The eastern part is lower. The chief river is the Saale. Agriculture is the prin- cipal occupation. There are extensive forests in the western part, and good pasture land. The chief mineral deposits are iron, lignite, gypsum, and slate. In the western district are niuncrdus glass and porcelain factories. Other manufac- tures are paper, toys, textiles, musical instru- ments, and flour. The Diet of the principality consists of 16 members, of whom four are elected by the higliest taxed citizens and the rest by the general population for three years. The princi- pality has one vote in the Bundesrat, and re- turns one member to the Reichstag. Population, in 1900. 93.059. chiefly Protestants. In this principality is the Castle of Schwarzburg. ro- mantically situated on the Sehwarza, the summer residence of the Prince. The ruling family is one of the oldest of the Thuringian princely houses. The media>'al count- ship of Schwarzburg was divided at the close of the sixteenth century into the two countships of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Arn- stadt, the later Sehwarzburg-Sondershausen. About a century later the ruling houses were elevated to the princely dignity. SCHWARZBTTRG - SONDERSHATJSEN, zijn'ilcr^-liou'zrn. A principality and oonVtitui'ut State of the German Empire, situated in Thurin- gia, and consisting of several detached di-tricts. the main portion being inclosed within the Pru-i- sian Province of Saxony. Total area. 333 square miles. The Thuringian Forest covers ])art of the principality. The soil is mostly fertile, and agriculture is the principal industry. The forests are also important. There are nu- merous small porcelain factories, glass works, jnachine works, jjaint factories, tanneries, shoe factories, and sugar mills. The Constitution of the principality, dating from 1857, provides for n Diet of 15 members, of whom five are apiiointcd by the Prince, five are elected by the highest taxed citizens, and five by the inhabitants in gen- eral, for a term of four years. The principality has one vote in the Bundesrat and returns one Deputv to the Reichstag. Population, in IS'.IO. 75.510: in 1900. 80.898, prineijially Protestants. The capital is Sondershausen (q.v.) ; the largest town is Arnstadt. For history, see Schw.bz- BrRri-RinoLST. T. SCHWARZENBERG, shvartsVn-berK. A princely family, originally of Franeonia. but later of Austria. About 1420 Erkinoer VON Seinsheim purchased the lordsliip of SchwaVzen- berg in Franeonia, and in 142!) he was nu>de a baron of the Empire by the Emperor Sigis- mund. Several of thi.> family have been promi- nent in European affairs. The most notable are: (1) Adam, Count of SchwarzenlH-rg, was born in 1584, and became a privy councilor of (ieorge William, Elector of Brandenburg. He was largely responsible for the vacillating policy of Brandenburg during the Thirty Years' War, a course most unfortunate in its results, and for this he was punished after the accession of the Great Elector, in 1040, by imjiriscmnient in the fortress of Spandau, where he died March 14, 1041. (2) Kari, PiiiLii'i', Prince of Schwarzen- berg. He was born at Vienna, April 15, 1771, .served against the Turks, and rose to the grailc of lieutenant field-marshal in 1799. He conunanded a divi-iion under ilack in the cam])aign of 1805, and took part in the battle of Austerlitz. He wa.s ajjpointcd AnU)a>sador at the Russian Court in 1808, by the express wish of the Emperor .le.an- der; fought at Wagram in 1S09: and after the Treaty of Schonbrunn conducted the negotiations preliminar_v to the marriage of the Archduchess Maria Louisa to Xapoleon. Both in this capacity and as Ambassador at Paris he gained the esteem of Xapoleon, and the latter expressly demanded for him the post of General-inCiiief of the Austrian contingent of 30,000 men which had been sent to aid France against Russia in 1812. Schwarzenberg with his little army entered Rus- sia from Gialicia, crossed the Bug, and achieved some slight successes, but was afterward driven into the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and took up a position at Paltusk, where he concluded with the Russians an armistice which secured the French retreat, Schwarzenberg was much blamed for his dilatory conduct at the time; but Najjoleon con- cealed any dissatisfaction he might have felt, and demanded for him from the Austrian Gov- ernment the baton of field-marshal. After a brief sojourn at Paris, in April. 1813, Schwarz- enberg was appointed to the connnand of the Austrian army of observation in Bohemia : and when Austria joined the allied powers, he l)eeame generalissimo of the armies of the coalition, was defeated by Xapoleon at Dresden, but the united army under him gained the great victory of Leipzig. His dilatory tactics during the pursuit of the French across Germany and after the crossing of the Rhine was regarded with ex- treme dissatisfaction by men of the type of Blii- cher and Gneisenau. who were anxious to strike a decisive blow at the heart of the enemy. On the return of Xapoleon from Elba, he obtained the command of the allied army on the Upper Rhine, and a second time entered France. On his return to Vienna he was made president of the Imperial Council for War. He died of apoplex,v at Leipzig, October 15, 1820. Consult Prokescli- Osten. Deiikiriirdifjkritcii (iim dcni Lclirn di'x Frldmarsrhallfi FiirstPii Schirarzniherri ('ii'nna. 1822). (3) His nephew. Felix, an Austrian statesman, was born October 2. 1800. at Kru- maxh Bohemia. He entered the army, became military attach;^ of the Austrian embassy at Saint Petersburg in 1824. and afterwards held several diplomatic appointments. He was envoy to Na- ples when the revolution of 1848 l)roke out. He took the field in Upper Italy as a brigade com-- mander. and soon after was made a lieu- tenant field-marshal. He was callcil to the head
