SCHWENINGER. 680 SCHWIND. scribed bv ilaas, Die tichacningcr-Kur (21st cd., 1880). Anioiit; liis writings are Uem Aiidenkeii Bifiiinrcks (1809) and Ocsammclte Arbeiten (18S(i). SCHWENKFELD, slivenk'felt. Kasi'AR von (cUOO-lSlil). A Uernian religious reformer. He was born at Ossig, in Silesia, was educated at Liegiiitz and Cologne, and liecanie a coun- cilor at the Court of the Duke of Liegnitz. He was an enthusiastic advocate of the Kefornia- tion, and it was mainly through his inlluence that it gained a footing in Silesia. His views dif- fered materially from those of Luther, however, and he beeanie separated from the other re- formers and was ngankd by them with suspicion and dislike. When the Lutheran principles be- came dominant in Silesia, Schwenkfeld volun- tarily left the country in 1529 and thenceforth was "driven from town to town, and tinally died at Ulm. Schwenkfeld laid special stress upon the primary imiiortance of a renewal of the inner life, to which all questions of outer con- cern should he subsidiary, and held that the Scri]itures are dead without the indwelling word and that the organization of the Reformed Church should grow spontaneously out of the renewed inner life. The humanity of Christ he believed to be progressive through its union with the divine nature, so that it partakes more and more of that nature without losing its identity. The Lord's Supper he taught was a sacrament of spiritual nourishment without change in the elements. Although never ordained, he preached often and with great efl'ect, and had many sympatliizers. His writings were numerous, and, when the printing press was forbidden, were circulated in manuscript. His Grosse Confession (1540-47) contains the best pi-esentation of his doctrine. Consult: Kadelbach, Ausfiihrliche Oe- schichte Kaspar ro» Schwenkfelds und der Schwellkfeldcr in Sclilesien, der Ober-Laiisitz iiinl Amerilxa (Lauban, 18(50) : Hoffmann, Kaspar SchwenkfeJds Lebeii vnd Lehren (Berlin, 1897). See SCIIWEXKFELDTAXS. SCHWENKFELDIANS, or SCHWENK- FELDERS. The followers of Kasjiar von Schwenkfeld ((j.v. I. Although, consistently with his principles. Schwenkfeld founded no Church, and after his death an ecclesiastical organization was out of the question for his sympathizers, owing to the conditions of the times, nevertheless they held meetings and congregations came into existence in dirt'erent parts of Germany, par- ticularly in Silesia, as well as in Switzerland and Italy. They suflfered much persecution and many left their homes in consequence. In 1734 thirty-four families emigrated from Silesia to Pennsylvania and settled in Jlontgomery and Berks counties, and others followed two years later. A school system was established in 1764, and a denominational organization was es- tablished in 1782. In 1901 they had three dis- tricts, seven church buildings, five ministers, and about six bundled members. Their num- bers have been diminished by migration to the West, where they became members of other de- nominations. Their Church government is con- gregational, the services are non-liturgical, and they have a rich hymnody. A common benevo- lent fund is maintained. In addition to the more important festivals of the Christian year, they observe the anniversary of the landing of the first company at Philadelphia (September 24th), as the Ocdfichtnissiag. They have published a num- ber of doctrinal and institutional Irooks. In Euroije the Schwenkfeldians have become ex- tinct. Consult the works mentioned in the notice of the founder. SCHWERIN, shva-ren'. The capital of the tirand Uuehy of Jlecklenburg-Sehwerin, Germany, beautifully situated on Lake Schwerin. and sev- eral smaller lakes, about 38 miles southeast of Liib6ck (Map: Prussia, D 2). The town is well built, and has handsome churches. The four- teenth-centurj' Gothic cathedral is an interesting brick edifice, restored in 18G7-69. It contains the tondjs of the grand ducal family. Xear the cathedral is the Grand Ducal Library of IGO.OOO volumes. On an island in Lake Schwerin is the beautiful grand ducal palace, an early Renais- sance edifice, completed in 1857. The grand ducal museum contains a picture gallery, with notewortliy works by German, Flemish, Dutch, and Italian masters. Other interesting features are the Government offices, the arsenal, the Court theatre and the gymnasium. The principal num- ufactures are musical instruments (especially pianos), wagons, machinery, dyes, furniture, cabinets, and bricks. Schwerin, of Slavic origin, and the oldest town in jNIecklenburg, is first men- tioned in 1018, and received municipal privileges in 1161. Population, in 1890, 33,643; in 1900, 38,607. SCHWERIN, Kurt Christoph, Count (1684- 1757). A Swedish soldier, born at Lijwitz, Pomerania. He entered the Dutch army as ensign in 1700, fought in the War of the Spanish Succes- sion, and in 1706 became first lieutenant in the service of the Duke of Slecklenburg. He then entered the Prussian service, and Frederick Wil- liam I. sent him on several diplomatic missions. Frederick II. made him a count and field-marshal. In the first Silesian war he counnanded a part of the Prussian army and won the battle of Mollwitz in 1741. He stormed Prague in the second Silesian war and was killed during the battle of Prague in the Seven Years' War. Con- sult Varnhagen von Ense, Biograpkische Denk- male (Leipzig, 1873). SCHWERTE, shver'te. A town of the Prov- ince of Westphalia, Prussia, 53 miles by rail northeast of Cologne. There is a Romanesque church with a carved altar and some good four- teenth-century stained glass. The iron works and machine shops are extensive. Population, in 1900, 12.261. SCHWICKER, shvik'er, Johaxn Heinrich (1839-1902). An Austrian historian, born in Xew Beschenowa and educated to lie a teacher. His works deal especially with the history, litera- ture, and ethnology' of Hungary, the more impor- tant titles being Die Deiitsehen in Vngarn und Siehenbiirgen (1881), Die Zigeuner in Vngarn vnd (iiebenbiirgen (1883), Das Konigreich Vn- garn ( 1886) , a biography of Pazman ( 1888) , and the valuable Geschichte der ungarisehen Littera- tnr ( 1889). SCHWIND, shvint, Moritz von (1804-71).
(ierman historical painter and draughtsman,
born in Vienna. He studied at the Vienna Acad- emy, and under Ludwig Schnorr. At the Academy of Munich, to which he went in 1828, Cornelius exercised a powerful influence upon him. In I
