SHIPBUILDING. 102 SHIP OF FOOLS. in the same maiinor as the outside plating. The frames in the double bottoms are deep enough to give considerable space between the inner and outer plating, which is necessary to give access for cleaning and painting. Most frames are lightened bv holes cut through them, but about everv fourth or fifth frame is water-tight and has no iioles. The space between the imperforate frames forms a double-bottom compartment, ac- cess to which is had by a manhole closed by a removable water-tight 'cover. Most ships are fitted with a water-tight bulkhead close to the bow, called the collision bulkhead. Sbipbcilding in the United States fob the Tear Ending Jdne 30, 1902 CLASS Sailing vessels Steamers Canal boats Barges Total 681 97.698 579 308.180 44 4.539 287 58,416 Iron and Steel Tonnage Bfilt in the United Sta'jes, 1870-1902 year Steamers, tons Other ves- sels, tons Total, tons ■ 7.602 25,638 76,402 167.948 270.932 679 44 4.975 28,903 9.430 8,281 1880 25,582 1890 80,377 1900 196.851 1902 280.362 Iron and Steel Steam Tonnage Built in 1902 Tans , 1,681.406 270.932 . 2.52.719 55.345 . 27,672 12.642 9,679 Countr.v Great Britain I'liitHd States Oeriiiauy France Norway and Sweden Denmark Austria-Hungary Bibliography. Consult: White, MaiiKal of Xavul Architecture (London, 1894) : Thearle, yaval Architecture. Practical and Theoretical (London and New York. 1874) ; Kankine, .S7n/j- huildiiig. Theoretical and Practieal (IStiO); Keed, Shipbuilding in Iron and Steel (Lon- don, 1869); Ledieu and Cadiat, youreau ma- teriel naval (Paris, 1890) : Eeed, Treatise on the StahUit;i of Ships (London, 1885) ; Cro- neau. Constructions pratiques des nacires de guerre (Paris, 1894) : Transactions of the In- stitution of Xacal Architects (London, annual) ; Proceedings of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (New York, annual). For further information, see articles on Bilge; Bulkhead; Calking: Christening a Ship; Copferdam ; Deck : Galley; Gangway; Launch, Launching; Load-Line Marks of Vessels; Measurement of Siiirs; Navig.- TiON : Navies ; Ship ; Ship, Armored ; Steam Navigation, etc. SHIP CANAL. See Canal. SHIP FEVER. See Typhus. SHIPIBO, she-pe'bo. An important wild tribe of Panoan stock ( q.v. ) in the forest region of the Upper Ucayali. Northeastern Peru. Very little is known concerning them. They were first visited by Franciscan missionaries in 1051. In 1736 they almost destroyed the neighboring and cognate Setebo in a bloody battle. In 1704, by the efforts of the missionaries, a reconciliation was effected between the two tribes, and the Shi- j)ibo were collected into a mission settlement, but three years later they massacred all the mission- aries and reverted to their former wild life. SHIP'KA PASS. A pass in the Balkan Mountains. 47 miles northeast of Philippopolis (Map: Balkan Peninsula, E 3). Elevation. 4370 feet. It w'as made famous during the Kusso- Turkish War of 1877-78 (q.v.). SHIP'LEY. A market town in the West Riding of Yorlishire, England, on the Aire, 3 miles northwest of Bradford (Map: England, E 3). The manufacture of worsted and woolens is largely carried on. Population, in 1901, 25,570. SHIPMASTER. The commander of a mer- chant vessel. In most countries a license is re- quired of the master of a steam vessel. A mas- ter of a ship has complete control of the navi- gation of the vessel, and over all persons on board, whether passengers or crew. He may re- sort to extreme measures in case of a mutiny, even to killing a seaman to enforce order and obedience, and may compel passengers to obey reasonable commands. He is the representative of the owners on a voyage and in foreign ports, and may bind the ship by contracts for neces- sary supplies, repairs, and so on. For this pur- pose he may even pledge the cargo in extreme cases. The term captain, sometimes applied to a master of a ship, is not technically correct, as that name denotes the commander of a war vessel. Consult Kav, Shipmasters and Seamen (2d ed., London, 1894). SHIP-MONEY. A tax levied in England at various times. In 1008, when the country was threatened by the Danes, a law was made obliging all proprietors of three hundred hides of land to equip a vessel for the protection of the coast. Elizabeth, at the time of the threatened Spanish invasion, required the vari- ous ports to fit out a certain number of ships at their own charge. It was in 162G that Charles I. levied such an impost. This was in time of actual war. The first writ for the levy of ship-money in time of peace was issued in 1634, when a contribution was demanded from the coast shires. In the following year a sec- ond writ extended the tax over the entire king- dom. A general spirit of resistance was imme- diately aroused, chiefly because it was imposed by the arbitrary authority of the King alone. In 1637 the celebrated John Hampden refused payment of the impost, an example in which he was followed by nearly the entire country. He was prosecuted before the twelve judges of the Exchequer and seven of them pronounced in favor of the Crown; but the trial had the effect of thoroughly arousing the public, and the Long Parliament, in 1640, voted ship-money illegal and canceled the sentence against Hampden. Consult : Ciardiner, History of England (London, 1893- 95) ; id., Constitutional Documents (2d ed., Ox- ford. 1899). See England. SHIP OF FOOLS, The. A satirical poem by Alexander Barclay (1509K paraphrased from Sebastian Brant's Xarrenschiff. ridiculing the follies of the day, under the allegory of a ship loaded with fools.
