SLAVIC LANGUAGES. 233 SLAVIC LANGUAGES. Serb, Bulg., Pol., Czech., ucho : Lith., aus'is : Lat., owns/ Goth., ausO. (7) Change of primitive k to (a) s, and g, rfli, and (/, dli into z, as OChnrcli Slav., Kuss,, Serb, Slav., Bulg., Czech., s/oi;o, 'word;' PoK. sloico; Gk., kiut6s ; Lat., inclutus; Olrish, doth; Skt., snitds; (b) s, OChurch Slav., znati, 'to know;' Russ., ziiat; Pol., ::iuic; Gk., 7t7ni(r)teii'; Lat., gnoscere; Skt., yim; Goth., kann; OHGer., knaen; Olrish, (jniith ; Lith,, zinOti; (e) jr/i, OChurch Slav., «.:», 'I;' Skt., ahiim ; Gk., iyiJi; Lat., fjro; Goth., ik. (8) Palatalization of y, k, kh, into (a) i, c, s before the palatal vowels e, i, and b, later into z, c, s, before e and i resulting from primitive oi, oi, as (a) i, OChurch Slav,, zirii, 'alive'; Lat., vivos; Gk., ;3/ot; Olrish, heo; Goth., gius; Skt., jivds; Lith., gijvas; 6, OChurch Slav., ocese, gen, sing, of ok-o, 'eye;' Russ., Serb, Slov., Bulg., Czech., Pol., oko; Lith., akis; Lat., ocuhis ; Ger., auge; S, OChurch Slav., uicsa, nom, pi, of »c/io, 'ear;' Russ., Serb. Slov,, Bulg,, Czech., Pol., usi. (b) z, OChurch Slav., hoze, loc. sing,, and bozi, nom. pi, of bogi'i, 'God'; c, OChurch Slav., clovecv, loc. sing., and iloveci, nom. pi. of clovekii, 'man;' s, OChurch Slav,, diise, loc. sing., and dusi, nom. pi. of diichii. 'soul,' (9) The preservation of the primitive free accentua- tion, the penultimate accentuation in Polish and the Czechic accent on the first sj-llable being of a decidedly late origin. The first attempt at a scientific classification of the Slavic languages was made by Dobrovsky, who in his Institiitioncs Lingiice ^hivicw Dialecti Veteris (Vienna, 18'2'2) divided them into a Western and an Eastern group, A later division was into Eastern, Southern, and Western, The most accurate plan would be to consider the sev- eral languages without trying to reduce them to groups. This Miklosich did in his Vergleichende Grammatik der slavischen Sprachen, where he arranges them as follows: Palteo-Slovenian, Neo- Slovenian, Bulgarian, Serbo-Horvatian (Serbo- Croatian), Little Russian, Russian, Czechic, Po- lish, Upper Lusatian, and Lower Lusatian, At present the following representatives are dis- tinguished in the Slavic group: (1) Russian (with its C4reat Russian, Little Russian, and White Russian branches), (2) Bulgarian (with its Macedonian dialect), (3) Serbo-Horvatian, or Serbo-Croatian (Shtokavian-Servian in the South, and Chakavian-Hoi-vatian in the AVest), with its (4) Slovenian or Kaykavian dialect in the West; (5) Czecho-iloravian, with its (6) Slovak dialect; (7) Serbo-Lusatian or Serbian (with the LTpper Lusatian and Lower Lusatian dialects); (8) Polish, with (9) Kashubian; (10) Polabian (alons the Elbe), now extinct, and (13) Old Cluirch Slavic, Though attempts at a genetic classification must be futile, the labors of scholars have ascertained a number of phonetic pecviliarities which may be made the basis of a conventional grouping, as be- ing a common characteristic of several mem- bers of the group. The distinguishing features of the groups designated above as Eastern, Southern, and Western are the following: (1) Treatment of the sound combinations tj, dj ; (2) presence or absence of I in the treatment of the primitive combinations pj, bj, vj, mj ; (3) re- tention or dropping of the dentals t, d, in the combinations 11, dl, iii. dn ; (4) treatment of the primitive combinations ar, al, er, el; (5) treatment of the original combinations gv, kv. On the basis of these criteria the groups will be characterized as follows : ( 1 ) tj becomes 6 in Eastern Slavic, as si-eCa, 'candle,' for *svct-ja ; H in Bulgarian, as sveSta, c in Serb, as sveca; Slov., sfcca ; c (= ts) in Western Slavic, as Czechic, since; Polish, sirieca; dj becomes i in Russian, meza, 'boundary line,' for *medja, cf. Lat. mcdius (= English / in Serb, tncda; Sloven., mcja, id in Bulg., mezda, in Western; z in Czechic, mieze; dz in Pol,, tniedza. (2) pj, bj, vj, mj, become plj, bij, vlj, mlj in Rus- sian, toplju, 'heat,' infinitive topit; Ijublju 'I love,' infinitive Ijubit: lovlju, 'I seize,' in- finitive lorit; zemlja, 'earth,' for *zemja; also in Southern Slavic, as Serb, toplen, lublcn, lovlen, zemlja; Slov, (Eastern), topljen, IJubljcn, lovljen, zemlja (Western), topjen, Ijubjen, lov- len, zeinla; Bulg., topju, libja, lovja, zemja ; while in Western the sound I is absent, as Polish, topie, lubi^, lotvie, infinitives topi^, lubic, loni(, zieinia; Czechic, topii, lovii, infinitive topiti, loviH, zeme; (3) t and d before I and n fall in Russian, as plel, 'I led,' rel, 'I wove,,' to pletu, 'I lead,' vedii, 'I weave;' in Southern, as Serb, pleo, veo, Slov, (Eastern), plel, pleo, vel, (Western) pletl, vedl; but are retained in Western: as Czech,, pletl, vedl; Pol., plotl, wiodl; (4) ar, al, er, el, become oro, olo, ere, ele in Russian, as boroda, 'heard:' gol- ova, 'head;' bereg, 'shore;' peleva, 'membrane;' re, la, re, le in Southern Slavic, as brada (Serb, Slov., Bulg.), glava (Serb, Slov., Bulg,), breg (Serb, Bulg.), breg (Slov.). plcva (Serb), plcva (Slov.), pleva (Bulg.) ; in Western Slavic ra, la, re, la in Czechic, brada, hlava, bfeh, pleva; ro, lo, rze, Ic in Polisli, broda, gtoiva, brzeg, pleiva; (5) gv and kv become zv. sv in Russian and Southern Slavic, as Russ., Serb, Bulg., zvezda, 'star;' Slov., zv^zda ; cvH, 'color, flower,' Russ., Serb, Bulg., Slov,, but remain in Western Slavic, as Czechic, hvezda, kvet; Polish, gwiazda, kiciat. The Slavic nations do not all use the same alphabet for writing and printing. In the ninth century two different alphabets were introduced, the Olago- litsa (q,v,) and the Kirillitsa (q.v.). After a time the nationalities that accepted Roman Catholicism adopted the Roman characters for their alphabet, while those professing Greek Catholicism retained the alphabets mentioned. The Kirillitsa in a modified form is the present alphabet of the Russians, Servians, and Bulga- rians. A'ith regard to the morphology of the Slavic languages the following table of the declension of o-stems will show at a glance how well the original Slavic inflection has been pi'eserved in the modern members of the family, remember- ing that the vocative has been lost in Slovenian en- tirely and in literary Russian almost completely. Singular: Xoniinative: OChurch Slav, popii, 'priest,' Russ., Pol., Czech.. Serb, Slov., pop; genitive: popa for all; dative: popv for all; accusative: popa for all, or is like the nomina- tive in inanimate nouns; vocative: OChurch Slav, pope. Little Russ. pope, Russ. Boze (from Bog. 'God'), Pol. popie. Czech., Serb., pope; in- , strumental: OChurch Slav, popom'i. Russ. popom, Pol., Czech, popem. Serb, Slov, popom; locative: OChurch Slav,, Russ. pope, Pol, popie. Czech. pope, popu, Serb, Slov, popii. Dual: Nomina- tive, accusative, vocative: OChurch Slav., Slov., Serb, Lusatian, Kashubian popa; genitive, loea-
