SOUTH AFRICAN WAK. 362 SOUTHAMPTON. fore the beginning of 1902, and negotiations for peace were begun in January of that year. The British Govornniont declined to take into con- sideration the question of the independence of the Boer States, and the articles of peace as signed at Pretoria on May 30th were substantial- ly those offered by the Government in 1901. By tile terms of the treaty the Boers in the iield agreed to lay down their arms and to acknowl- edge Edward VII. as their lawful sovereign, on condition that no burgher shovild be deprived of .his liberty or property, or be subjected to civil or criminal proceedings, for acts committed dur- ing the war. It was provided that the Dutch lan- guage be taught in the public schools and the use of it permitted in the courts. Militar}' ad- ministration in the colony was to be succeeded by civil rule at the earliest opportunity, to be followed by the ultimate establishment of repre- sentative government. No special tax w'as to be imposed on landed property to defray the ex- penses of the war. The number of Boers who surrendered after the conclusion of peace was more than 20,000. Figures issued by the War Office showed that the English forces engaged in South Africa dur- ing the war numbered nearly 4.50,000, of which number 9040 were in South Africa on August 1, 1899. The reinforcements after that date dis- I)atched to South Africa from Great Britain in- cluded nearly 2>7,000 regular troops and 110.000 volunteers, militia and yeomanry. The number of volunteers from tlie British colonies was near- ly .31.000, and more than 52,000 men were raised in South Africa. The casualties, as given b}' the War Office, were 1072 officers and 20,973 men dead or missing, and 3116 officers and 72,514 men sent home as invalids. The cost of the war in money was placed by the authorities at £206,- 224,000. The Boer enlistment from first to last, according to estimates made by the Red Cross Society, did not exceed 75,000. Their casualties were placed at 3700 killed or dead of wounds, and 32,000 prisoners. Bibliography. Amerv (ed.), Times Bistort/ of the War in South Africa. 1899-1902 (vols, i., ii., London, 1900—) ; De Wet, Three Years' War (New York, 1902) ; Viljoen, Die Transvaaler im Krieg mit England (Munich, 1902) ; Amtliche Berichte des Generals J. IJ. de la Ret/ — soioie cm- dere Vrkunden iiber den f^iidafrikanischen Krieg (ib., 1902); Hillegas, The Boos in War (New York, 1900) ; Estorff and Gcrneth, Der Biiren- krieg in Siidafrika (Berlin, 1901): Mahan, The War in South Africa — to the Fall of Pretoria (New York, 1000) ; Danes. CasseU's History of the Boer War, 1S99-1901 (London. 1901) ; Doyle, The Great Boer War (New York, 1902) ; Davitt, The Boer Fight for Freedom (ib.. 1902) ; Ogden, The War Against the Dutch Republics in South Africa (Manchester, Eng., 1901); Cunliffe, History of the Boer War '(London, 1901 ) : Hiley and Hassell, The Mobile Boer (New York, 1902) ; Davis, With Both Armies in South Africa (ib., 1900) ; Steevens, From ■Capetoirn to Ladgsmith (ib., 1900) ; Burleigh, Katal Campaign (London, 1900) : Churchill, Lotidon to Ladysmith via Pre- toria (New York, 1900) : Kinnear. To Modder River with Uethuen (Bristol, Eng.. 1900) ; Ralph, Towards Pretoria (New York, 1900) : id., An American with Lord Roberts (ib., 1901); Goldmann, With General French and the Cavalry in South Africa (ib., 1902) ; "Nevinson, Lady- smith, the Diary of a Siege (ib., 1900) ; Ashe, Besieged by the Boers in Kimherley (ib., 1900) ; Young, The Relief of Uafeking (London, 1900) ; Wilkinson, Lessons of the War (ib., 1900). SOUTH AMBOY'. A borough in Middlesex County, N. J., on the Raritan River and Bay, directly opposite Perth Amboy, and on the Penn- sylvania, the Central of New Jersey, and the Raritan River railroads (Map: New Jersey, D 3 ) . A long drawbridge connects it with Perth Andjoy. The borough is important as the centre of a region containing larg'e quantities of sand and clay. Potter}', terra-cotta, asphaltum, and brick are the most important manufactures. Coal is extensively shipped from this port by the Pennsylvania Railroad. The government is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, and a uni- cameral council. South Andioy was incorporated in 1898. Population, in 1890, 4330; in 1900, 6349. SOUTH AMERICA. See America. SOUTHAMPTON, suTii-hamp'ton. A civic county, municiii:il and Parliame^itary borough, and seaport, in the south of Hampshire, Eng- land, 79 miles southwest of London (Map: Eng- land, E 6), The town occupies a peninsula at the head of Southampton Water, between the estuary of the Test or Anton on the west and south and the mouth of the Itchen on the east. The Domus Dei, or God's house, dates from the end of the twelfth century, and is one of the oldest hospitals in England. In the vicinity are .the picturesque ruins of Netley Abbey, a Cistercian foundation of the thirteenth century, and the Netley Military Hospital, accommodat- ing 1,000 patients. Southampton was incorporat- ed by Henry I., and received several privileges confirmed by subsequent nionarchs. Henry VI. constituted the town a county in itself, and its area included a 'little' place called Portsmouth. The guild merchants controlled affairs and the municipal transactions are recorded in the fa- mous 'oak book,' the most treasured object in the town archives. The Mayor is Admiral of the Port and chairman of the town council's twenty committees. The town has owned its markets since its incorporation, and the water supply since 1420, and its slaughter houses since 1698. It receives a fine revenue from corporate prop- erty and harlior dues, and owns Southampton Common. 300 acres in extent. The borough's boundaries were extended in 1895, since when much economic progress has been made. Artisans' dwellings and a municipal lodging house have been built, sewage and draining works carried out. and an electric lighting plant and street railways acquired. The town maintains a large isolation hospital, fine piddic baths, a free public library, a cemetery, and extensive parks, and makes abundant provision for technical instruc- tion. Yacht and ship building and engine-making are actively carried on, and there is an exten- sive general trade. Southampton is a fash- ionable summer resort. It owes its importance to its sheltered harbor and to the phenomenon of double tides, which prolong high water for three hours. (See Enomrii Chaxnei..) There is considerable traffic between Southampton and the Channel Islands and French coast, and also a
