ture for white schools was $726,825 and for negro schools $211,287. Any school district may levy special taxes for schools, but only a small number have availed themselves of this privilege. In 1900 there were 281,891 pupils enrolled and 201,295 in average attendance. There were 2422 male and 3142 female teachers. Normal school education for females is provided by the State at the Winthrop Normal and Industrial College at Rock Hill. The State provides higher education for both sexes at the South Carolina College (q.v.), located at Columbia. There are also a number of small denominational and coeducational colleges. Of the nine colleges and seminaries for females Converse College, a non-sectarian institution at Spartanburg, is the largest. The State has an agricultural college at Clemson College, at which also courses in civil, electrical, mechanical, and textile engineering are given.
Charitable and Penal Institutions. The State hospital for the insane, the orphan asylum, the institution for the deaf and the blind, and the State penitentiary are at Columbia. The State maintains farms for convict labor.
History. In 1562 Jean Ribaut (q.v.), acting for Admiral Coligny, attempted to form a colony of French Huguenots at Port Royal. The colony, however, was abandoned the next year, and other attempts were made farther south. Charles I. granted in 1630 to Sir Robert Heath all the territory between 31° and 36° extending from sea to sea. No settlement was made, and in 1663 Charles II. granted the same to eight Lords Proprietors, favorites at Court. In 1665 the limits were extended to 29° and 36° 30′. Full proprietary rights were given, but the Proprietors were to legislate “by and with the advice, assent, and approbation of the freemen.” Permission to grant religious freedom was given, and subinfeudation was allowed. The terms to settlers were at first liberal, but in 1669 the attempt was made to put into effect the ‘Fundamental Constitution’ drawn by John Locke. (See North Carolina.) An expedition consisting of 200 persons under William Sayle settled upon the Ashley River in 1670. A ‘parliament’ consisting of the five deputies of the Proprietors and twenty members elected by the freeholders was established in 1671. In 1680 the settlement was removed to the present site of Charleston. Immigration was rapid, and by 1700 the colony contained 5500 inhabitant's.
The colony was turbulent from the beginning. It refused to adopt the Fundamental Constitutions, quarreled over the quit-rents, and in 1693 secured the right of initiative in legislation. In May, 1704, the Proprietors ordered the enforcement of the Test Act requiring conformity to the Church of England, but an appeal to the Whig House of Lords led to the annulment of the Test Act in the colony in 1706, though the Church was still established. The colony was divided into North and South Carolina in 1710. The Yemassee Indians, instigated by the Spanish at Saint Augustine, attacked the settlements in 1715, and the Proprietors refused to grant aid. When appeal was made to the Crown it was shown that no aid could be given unless the government was vested in the King. Numerous other grievances led to the assembling of a convention which assumed the powers of government, and James Moore (q.v.) was chosen to act as Governor until the King's pleasure was known. The Royal Governor, Sir Francis Nicholson, arrived in 1721 and in 1729 the Crown purchased the proprietary rights. From this time the assembly never relinquished a single right it gained, and before the Revolution claimed all the rights and privileges of the British Parliament. The first printing press was set up in 1730, and the South Carolina Gazette was established two years later. The colony joined Oglethorpe's unsuccessful expedition against the Spaniards in 1740, and was occupied with Indian troubles in 1755, 1760, and 1765. The Cherokees ceded their lands in 1755, and the Scotch-Irish began to fill them up. The colony was prompt in its resistance to the Stamp Act, and troops were quartered in Charleston. It agreed to the non-importation agreement in 1769-70, and sent money and supplies to Boston in 1774. Delegates were sent to the Continental Congress in 1774 and the Provincial Congress met January 11, 1775. At the second session in June, 1775, troops were voted, and Lord William Campbell tried in vain to restore royal authority. In March, 1776, sovereignty was claimed and a government was established. Fort Moultrie (q.v.) was unsuccessfully attacked by the British June 28th. Several battles (among them Camden, King's Mountain, Cowpens, and Eutaw Springs) were fought during the Revolution within the State. Famous leaders of irregular bands of patriots were Sumter and Marion. Charleston was captured by the British in 1780, and held until 1782. The State adopted the Federal Constitution May 23, 1788, Columbia was made the capital in 1790, and a new constitution was adopted which gave the Legislature practically all power. The differences between the sections began to be apparent. The eastern part of the State had the wealth and was strongly Federalist. The western part had the population and was strongly Anti-Federalist. In 1808 a compromise was effected which lasted until 1868. By its terms the Lower House of the Legislature was to consist of 124 members, 62 to represent population and 62 wealth. Each district was given as many Representatives as it had sixty-seconds of population and wealth. With the adoption of this compromise State politics practically ceased.
The State early became dissatisfied with the tariff policy of the general Government, and as early as 1828 the ‘South Carolina Exposition’ was adopted by the Legislature. On the passage of the Clay Tariff Bill in 1832, a convention was called which declared, November 24th, that no duties should be collected after February 1, 1833. President Jackson was resolved to enforce the law, but an actual conflict was averted by a compromise. (See Calhoun, John C.; Nullification.) On the election of President Lincoln in 1860, a convention was called on December 20th, which unanimously passed an ordinance of secession. The attack on Fort Sumter in April, 1861, precipitated the Civil War. (See Civil War.) The State furnished 60,000 soldiers to the Confederate armies, though her voting population was only about 47,000. Charleston withstood the Federal attacks until February, 1865, when the Confederates were finally compelled to evacuate it. South Carolina suffered from Sherman's march northward. A provisional Governor was appointed at the close
