SPENCEK. 437 SPENSER. Savona, Steuben County, N. Y., and in 18G4 mar- ried Henry C. Spencer, and afterwards removed to Wasliington, D. C. In 1871, with other women, she made an unsuccessful attempt to register and vote, and afterwards brought suit on which the Supreme Court of the United States decided (1874) that women liave not the right to vote without local legislation. She rep- resented the National Woman's SulTrage Asso- ciation at the Republican -National Convention in Cincinnati, in ISTll; and engrossed, signed, and presented the ^Volnall's DecUiratioii of Rights at the Centennial Celebration at Philadelphia. Her publications include Problems on the Woman Question (1871). SPENCER, William Robekt ( 17G9-18.34) . An English poet and wit. He was a grandson of the third Duke of Marlborough. He was educated at Harrow and at Christ Church, O.xford, but left the university without a degree. Among his friends were Pitt, Fox, Sheridan, and Sydney Smith. His last years were passed in Paris, where he died in poverty. In 170G Spencer pub- lished a version of Biirger's Leonore, which was praised by Scott; and in 1802 burlesqued Ger- man romance in Urania, a jjlay performed at Drury Lane. In 1811 he collected his poems in a volume, which contained his best known pieces, like "Beth GSlert" and "Too Late I Stayed." Aa a poet, Byron ranked him with Moore, Campbell, and Rogers. Consult the reprint of Spencer's Poems with biography (London, 1835). SPENER, spa'ner, Philipp Jakob (1635- 1705). A German elergj'man, the founder of the German Pietists. He was born at Rappolts- weiler, in Upper Alsace, and was educalod at Strassburg, Basel, Tiibingen, Geneva, and Lyons. At Geneva he was influenced hj Laba- die (q.v.), and his natural disposition led him strongly toward a religion of spiritual and untheologieal type. He preached at Strassburg, was transferred to Frankfort, and in 1666 became first pastor there. He strove to awaken a deeper faith and more active Christian life, emphasized the necessity of conversion and regeneration, and the study of the Scriptures, in opposition to the prevalent teaching which laid stress on orthodoxy and connection with the Church, and cared more for the symbolical books than for their source. His views were set forth in his Pia Desidcria, oder herzliches Verlangen narh gottgcfiilliricr Besse- rung der tcahren evangelischen Kirche (1673). lu 1G70 he began meetings at his house for the culti- vation of evangelical morality, the so-called collegia pietatis, with the aim, as he expressed it, of forming within the Church (ecclesia) a smaller church {ecclesiola) which should have a deeper spirituality. At the same time he reor- ganized the method of catechising and improved the religious instruction given to children. In 1679 a preface which he wrote for a new edition of the Pastille of Arndt, in which he censured the morals of the upper classes, brought him into difficulties; and in 1686 he accepted an invitation to become Court preacher at Dresden and member of the upper consistory. In this capacity he effected changes in the theological teaching of the University of Leipzig and in the system of re- ligious catechising practiced throughout Saxony; but because of attacks from the orthodox the- ologians, and having fallen into disgrace with the Elector Johann Georg III., in 1G91 he went to Berlin as provost of the Church of Saint Nicholas and cousistorial inspector, olliccs which he retained till his death, llie Elector of Bran- denburg encouraged his ellorts for religious re- form and intrusted theological instruction in the new University of Halle to Frauckc, Breithaupt, and others of his disciples. In 1G95 the theo- logical faculty of Wittenberg formally censured as heretical 264 propositions drawn from Spener's writings. There is no collected edition of his works; the full list (180 in numlier) is given in his biography by Von Cansteiu (Halle, 1740), and his chief works have been edited by Griin- berg (Gotha, 1889). Consult also the lives by Hossbach (Berlin, 1828; ."^d ed. by Schweder, 1861), by Wildenhahn (Leipzig, 1842; Eng. trans., Philadel])hia, 1881), and by Griinberg (Gottingen, 1892-97). See Pietism; German Theology. SPENGEIi, speng"], Leonhard (1803-80). A German classical scholar, born at Munich. He became known through his edition (1826) of Varro's De Lingua Latino, and was appointed in 1826 lector, in 1830 professor in the present Wilhelmsgj-mnasium of Munich. In 1842 he ac- cepted a chair at Heidelberg which he held until his return, as professor, to Munich in 1847. Among his publications were his edition of the Ars Rhetorica ad Alexandrum, which, following Petrus Victorinus, he attributed to Anaximenes of Lampsacus {Ana.rimcnps Ars Rhetorica qucB Yulgo Fertur Aristotclis ad Alexandrum, 1844), his edition of the Rhetoric of Aristotle {Aristotclis Ars Rhetorica cum Adnotatione, 1867), and his text edition of the Rhetores Orceci (3 vols.. 1853). His address Ueher das Sttidiiim der Rhetorik hei den Alten (1842/ is a valuable outline sketch of the art of eloquence in classical times. SPEN'NYMOOR. A town in Durham, Eng- land, 4 miles northeast of Bishop Auckland (Map: England, E 2). It has coal-mining and iron industries. Population, in 1901, 16,660. SPEN'SER, Edmund (c.I552-99). An English poet, born in London. He claimed relationship to the noble family of Spencers at Althorp, but he .seems to have been more closely connected with the Spensers of Lancashire. His father, certainly in reduced circumstances, has been iden- tified with .John Spenser, a London clothmaker. The boy was apparently sent to the Merchant Taylors' School, London, whence he passed, aa sizar or poor scholar, to Pembroke Hall, Cam- bridge, At the university he read widely and eagerly in Latin, Greek, Italian, and French liter- ature. He was especially fond of Petrarch and Chaucer, of Marot and Du Bcllay. He formed lifelong friendships with Gabriel Harvey and Edward Kirke. After graduating M. A. in 1576, he seems to have spent nearly two years with his kinsfolk in Lancashire, where he fell in love with a young woman whom he celebrated in verse under the name of Rosalind. In 1578 he went to London and found a place in the house- hold of the JEarl of Leicester. There he prob- ablv met Sir Philip Sidney, to whom he dedicated The Shepheardes Calender (1579), In 1580 he was appointed secretary to I^ord Grey, the new Lord Deputy of Ireland. Thenceforth Spenser lived mostly in Ireland. There he completed The Faerie Queene, already begun at Leicester House.
