STANLEY. 498 STANLEY. associated with Queen Victoria, whose chaplain he was lor many years. In 18(i3 he married Lady Augusta Bruce, daugliter of the Earl of Elgin; her death in 187G gave him a shock from which he did not recover. He visited the United States in 1878, traveled widely, and made many mem- orable addresses which were published under the title of Addresses and Sermons in America. His most important literary work was his Life and Corresponde^ice of Dr. Arnold (1844). Other noteworthy books were his Sinai and Palestine (1856); Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church (1861); Lectures on the History of the Jewish Church { 1863-76) ; Essays on Church and State (1870) ; and Christian Institutions (1871). Consult: Prothero, Life and Correspondence of Dean Stan- Icy (London, 1803) : id., Letters and Verses of Dean Stanley (ib., 1895) ; Bradley, Recollections of A. P. Stanley (ib., 1883). STANLEY, David Sloane (1828-1902). An Aimriian soldier, born in Cedar Valley, Ohio. He graduated at West Point in 18.52. During 1861 he served in Kansas and Missouri, taking part in several engagements, including the bat- tle of Wilson's Creek, and on September 28. 1861, was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers. In 1862 he commanded a division of the Army of the Mississippi in the operations against New Madrid and Island Number 10, and in the battles of luka and Corinth. On November 24, 1862, he became chief of cavalry of the Army of the Cumberland, and on November 20th was promoted major-general of volunteers. He took part in the battle of Stone River, in most of the battles of the Atlanta campaign, in the movement of concentration about Nashville, and in the battle of Franklin, November 30, 1864. A wound received at Franklin terminated his active campaigning in the war. For gal- lantry in this battle he received the brevet of major-general. U. S. A. After the war he be- came colonel of the Twenty-second Infantry and was actively engaged in campaigning against the Indians in the Northwest. In 1884 he became a brigadier-general, retiring in 1892. STANLEY, Edward Henry Smith. An Eng- lish statesman, fifteenth Earl of Derby (q.v.). STANLEY, Frederick Arthur, Earl of Derby (1841 — ). An English statesman, second son of the fourteenth Earl of Derby. He was born in London and was educated at Eton. Elected to Parliament in 186.5, he sat in that body as a member for various Conservative constituencies until 1886, and was nominated to several im- portant offices, incUiding Secretary of State for the Colonies (1885-86). In 1886 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Stanley of Preston, and from 1888 to 1893 was Governor- General of Canada. In 1803 he succeeded his brother as sixteenth Earl of Derby. I^pon the accession of King Edward VII. Lord Derby was nominated supernumerary aide-de-camp to his Majesty and Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire. STANLEY, Sir Henry Morton (1841-1904). An African explorer. He was born at Denbigh, Wales, the son of .Jolm Rowlands, who died when the boy was two years old. When sixteen years old he worked his way on a sailing vessel to New Orleans, where he found employment in the office of a merchant, named Stanley, who be- came his friend. For this reason the youth changed his name to that of his benefactor. He ( ulisted in the Confederate Armj' and in the bat- tle of Shiloh ( 1802) was taken prisoner, but man- aged to escape and soon after returned to his
elsli home. In 1863 he went to New York, en-
listeil in the Federal Nav}', was assigned to the llagship Ticonderoga, and soon became secretary to the admiral. For gallantry in swimming 500 yards under fire to fix a dine to a Confederate steamer he was made an officer. After the war he left the navy and in 1867 acted as newspaper correspondent in one of the Indian campaigns in the West. In 1868 lie was sent by the New Yoi-k Herald to Abyssinia with the British expedition under Sir Robert Napier. In 1869 the Herald dispatched Stanley to find David Livingstone (q.v.) in Central Africa. After spending a year in traveling through various countries of the East, Stanley started from Zanzibar February 5, 1871, with about 200 men, and on November 10th met the feeble and almost helpless Living- stone at Ujiji, on Lake Tanganyika (q.v.), nursed him back to better health, and, as he de- clined to return to Europe, gave him the supplies needed to continue his explorations. After taking part with Livingstone in an exploration of the northern end of Lake Tanganyika, Stanley re- turned to Europe in 1872, and in 1873 was sent by the Herald to West Africa to report the Brit- ish campaign against the Ashantis. In 1874 Stanley determined to take up the exploration of Africa where Livingstone had left it. The New York Herald and the London Daily Telegraph shared the expense of fitting ovit this expedition. On November 12. 1874, Stanley left Bagamoyo, near Zanzibar, with 356 men in his caravan, including three young white men. Stanley's first great work was a boat survey of the coasts of the Victoria Nyanza (q.v.). He also spent some time with the Waganda on the shores of the Victoria Nyanza. To the west of the Vic- toria Nyanza Stanley discovered the Muta Nzige (Lake Albert Edward), one of the head reservoirs of the Nile. He found that the Kagera or Alexandra Nile, rising near Lake Tanganyika, was the most important feeder of the Victoria Nyanza, Arriving at Tanganyika (1876), he sought in vain for its outlet, the fact being that the level of the lake was then so low that no water was passing through the Lukuga into the Congo (q.v.). His expedition had been greatly enfeebled by fever and smallpox, but he pushed westward to Nyangwe, on the Lualaba, which Livingstone and Cameron had visited. Stanley determined to make his way down the great river, and in November, 1876, embarked on the perilous journey. He was frequently at- tacked by cannibals, thousands of whom some- times pursued him in canoes, and if it had not been for his guns his expedition would undoubt- edly have perished. After a voyage of over 1500 miles, in the course of which he twice crossed the equator, he emerged on the Atlantic coast, having lifted the veil that had hitherto hung over the Congo, which was thus shown to be the same river as the Lualaba. On August 9, 1877, the party marched into Boma. on the lower Congo. 000 days after leaving Zanzibar, having traveled over 7000 miles. Besides his three white companions Stanley lost 170 of his porters. In the spring of 1870 Stanley sailed again for Africa
