STARLING. 507 STAR ROUTE FRAUDS. starlings (Sturnopastor) , and wattled .starlings (Diloplms). In the second group, often regarded as a separate family (Eulabetida?) , distinguished by the absence of rictal bristles and by the fact that they lay spotted eggs, wliereas the 'true' starlings lay blue unspotted eggs, are the African glossy starlings (Laniprotornis), with richly colored plumage, and the grakles or hill- iiiynas. Consult writers ujjon African and East Indian ornithology, summarized in Lydekker, Standard yatural History (London, 1895). See Plate of Larks akd Stablings. STARNBERGE3 (stiirn'ber-ger) LAKE. A lake south of Starnberg, in Southern Bavaria. Its length from south to north is about 18 miles; its altitude nearly 2000 feet. The Wiirm Hows through the lake. The shores are picturesque and covered by lordly villas affording splendid views. STARNINA, star-ne'na, Gherardo (c.1354- C.1410). A Tuscan painter, born at Florence. After painting the histories of Saint Nicholas and Saint Anthony on the ceiling of the Castellani . Chapel in Santa Croce, he was involved in the Ciompi intrigues and tied in 1384 to Spain. There he enjoyed royal favor, which enabled him to return to Florence in 1387. Frescoes in Santo Maria del Carmine have been attributed to this period — scenes from the life of Saint Jerome, of which onlj' the "Death" remains. Stamina was commissioned to ■ paint a Saint Denis on the fagade of the Guelph palace at Pisa, the city having surrendered on the day of that saint. The last work of the artist is to be seen in the right choir chapel of the Duomo at Prato — the "Birtlt of the Virgin," the "Presentation of the Virgin," and the "Preaching of Saint Stephen." This series was finished by his pupil Antonio Vite, by whom and by his more famous pupils, Antonio da Pistoia. Masolino, and Jlasaccio, he is chiefly remembered. STAR-NOSED MOLE. See Mole. STAR OF BETHLEHEM (so called from its star-sliaped flowers, which are white within), Oriiithorialum. A genus of about seventy species of bulbous-rooted plants of the natural order Liliaceae. The species are natives almost exclu- sively of the Eastern Hemis])here. Only a few species are grown in flower gardens. The com- mon star of Bethlehem {Oriiithorialum umhella- tum). a native of France, Switzerland, Germany, the Levant, etc., has racemes of six to nine barge white fragrant flowers, which open about eleven o'clock in the morning and close again about three or four in the afternoon. The plant is very hardy and may be grown three or four years without being disturbed. Ornithorja- lum arabicum is a tender species often grown in glasses like hyacinths. It produces large creamy white flowers, with a fragrance not agreeable to all persons. The hardy species flour- ish in ordinary well-drained garden soil. Propa- gation is effected by otTsets from the bulbs, which are planted in the fall about nine inches deep in sheltered places. STAR OF INDIA, Order of the. .■ British order with three classes founded by Queen Vic- toria in ISfil. consisting of the sovereisn. the Viceroy of India, and 240 members, in addition to an unrestricted honorarv membership. The deco- VOL. XVIII.— 33. ration is an oval medallion bearing a bust of Victoria in ony.x, surrounded l)y a blue band with the device Heaven's Liyht our (luide, and sur- mounted by a diamond-studded crown. STAROKONSTANTINOV, sta'ro-kon'stan- tye'nuf. A district town in the (Jovernment of Volhynia, Russia, 80 miles southwest of Zhito- mir. The chief manufactures are tobacco and soap; mineral waters are marketed. Population, in 1897, 16,527. STARR, Eliza Allen (1824-1901). An Amer- ican poet and lecturer on art. She was born of Puritan ancestry at Deerfield, Mass., and was educated at Deerfield Academy. In 1854 she left the Unitarian Church, in which she had been reared, and became a convert to Catholicism. In 1856 she settled in Chicago, where she became a teacher of drawing and painting. In 1877 she began the series of lectures on Christian art for which she is best known. She published Poems (1867); Patron Saints (1st series 1871, 2d series 1881); Pilgrims and Shrines (2 vols., 1883); Isabella the Catholic (1889) ; Christian Art in Our Oum Age (1891) ; Three Kej/s to the Camera delta Signatura (1895) ; and The Seven Dolors of the Blessed Virgin Mary (1898). Her works on Christian art are elaborately illus- trated. STARR, Frederick (1858—). An American anthropologist, born in Auburn, N. Y. He stud- ied at the L'niversity of Rochester and at La- fayette, where he graduated in 1882. He was registrar of Chautauqua LTniversity in 1888-89, and after two j-ears in charge of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City (1S89-91) in 1893 became professor of anthropol- ogy in the University of Chicago. His publica- tions include: a Catalogue of Collections of Ob- jects Illustrating Mexican Folklore (1899) ; Some First Steps in Human Progi'ess (1895) ; and In- dians of Southern Mexico (1900). STARR, ilosES Allen (1854—). An Ameri- can neurologist, born in Brooklyn, N. Y. He graduated from Princeton College in 1876; from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, 1880; served as interne in Bellevue Hospital, 1880-82; was professor of nervous dis- eases, New York Polyclinic, 1886-88; clinical professor of nervous diseases. College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, New York City, 1888-89; and professor of the same since 1889. He is the author of many articles contributed to medi- cal journals, as well as of Familiar Forms of Kcr-fous Disease (1891) ; Brain Surgery (1893) ; Atlas of Nerve Cells, with Dr. Strong (1899) ; Organic Nervous Diseases (1903); and other works. STAR ROUTE FRAUDS. Certain frauds connected with the management of the star route postal service during the administration of President Hayes. The term 'star routes' was applied to those routes over which, owing to the lack of railroads and steamboats, the mail was carried on horseback or in wagons, such routes being commonly marked, in the books of the Post Office Department, with an asterisk or 'star.' A 'ring,' including Brady, the Second Assistant Postmaster-General, and Senator S, W. Dorsey. of .Arkansas, on the one hand, and certain mail eon- tractors on the other, was alleged to have been
