STENDHAL. 549 STEPHANUS. Flaubert and the naturalistic school, and by the later psychologic novelist Bourget. Stendhal was born at. Grenoble. At seventeen he entered the service of Bonaparte, for whom he conceived great admiration. After Napoleon's downfall he resided in Italy. In 1821 he was e.xpelled by the Austrians and returned to Paris. In 1831 he became l-'rench Consul-General at Civitavecchia. In the age of Chateaubriand Stendhal sympa- thized with Voltaire, in the day of the Romantic carnival he was practicing the restless dissection of character that marks the work of Taine and Bourget. Hardly one of his books could have paid the expense of print- ing, and of his now admired essay on love (De I'aiHoitr) it is said that seventeen copies were sold in eleven years. Nisard, the great literary historian of his time, does not name him. To- day lie takes his place among the 'great French writers.' His works are collected in twenty-four volumes, of which five arc posthumous. They begin with a l)0()k of Italian travel and an essay De la peiniiire en Italic (1817) ; De I'amour follows in 1822, with a striking essay on liaciiie et Slial.-rspcafc, par- ticipating much in the contention of the Roman- ticists. His first novel, Arinance (1827), was followed liy Le rouye et le noir (1831) and La chartreuse de Panne (1839). In all these he analyzes the various forms of restlessness into which the fall of Napoleon had thrown a generation trained to expect a life filled with violent emotion. All the novels are realistic studies of social types, but of types of energy and passion. The greatest of his creations is Julien Sorel, the criminal hero of Le rouge et le noir, whose career, founded on fact, is a. veritable breviary of hypocrisy, tlinugh the Fab- rice of La chartreuse de Parme is hardly inferior. But, though skillful in the dissection "of motive, Stendhal's novels are careless in stj'le. slovenly in construction, much inferior in this to his postliumously published Tie f/e yapoleon (1876). Consult : Sainte-Beuve, Catiseries da lundi, vol. ix. (Paris, 1857-62) ; Zola, Les romanciers nat- vrulistcs (ib., 1881); Bourget. Essain de psy- cholor/ie contemporaine (ib., 1883); Rod, Sten- dhal, in "Les grands eerivains francais" (ib., 1892) ; Farges, 8trndhal diplomate (ib., 1892) ; Brun. Stendhal (ib., 1900). STEN'NIS, The Standing Stones of. A name applied to two circles of stone pillars on two headlands in the Loch of Stennis, Scotland. STE'NO, XicHOL.^s. or, in Danish form. JSTiels Stensen (1639-86). A distinguished anatomist and Roman Catholic bishop. He was born and educated as a Protestant at Copenhagen. In 1660-63 he lived at Amsterdam and Leyden and won renown for his discoveries in anatomy. In 1666 he became head of a hospital in Florence and body physician to the Grand Duke of Tuscany. In 1667 he accepted the Roman Catholic faith. From 1672 to 1674 he was professor of anatomy at the University of Copenhagen. In 1675 he became a priest and gave up his scientific studies. In 1677 he was made a titular bishop, and thence- forth he labored zealously among the northern missions as vicar apostolic. He wrote several religions works, including Priifuni/ der Rrforma- torcn (1678). Consult his Life by Plenkers .(Freiburg, 1884). STENOGRAPHY. See Shorthand. STEN'SEN, Niels. See Steno, Xicuolas. STENTOR (Lat., from Gk. XriiiTujp). In Homer's Iliad, a Grecian herald in the Trojan War. His voice was as loud as that of fifty men together. His name is jireserved in the adjective stentorian. STENZLER, stents'ler, Adolf Friedrich (1S07-S7). -V German Sanskrit scholar, Ijorn at 'olgast. He studied at Greifswald, Berlin, and Bonn, and in Paris and London. In 1S33 he be- came professor of Oriental languages at Breslau. He edited, with Latin versions, the liaghuvainQa (1832) and the Ktnnara Hainbhara (1838) of Kalidasa ; with German translations, Yak- navalkya's Book of Law's (1849), and In- dische Bausregeln (1864-78; containing the Acraluyana and the Paraskara) ; Kalidasa'a Ucyhaduta, with commentary and glossary (1874) ; and The Institutes of (lautama (1876) ; as well as a very valuable Elcmcntarbuch der Sanskritsprache (1868; 6th ed. 1892). STEPHAN, ste'fan, Heinricii von (1831-97). A (iermnn administrator. He was born at Stolp, in Pomerania ; entered the Prussian postal service in 1848 and was rapidly promoted until in 1875 he became Postmaster-General of the German Empire, having under his control the telegraph lines as well as the mails. In 1877 he assumed charge of the national printing offices. He in- troduced many internal reforms, invented the postal card, and brought about the forma- tion of the Postal Union. He published G'e- schichte der prenssischen Post (1859) and Das hciitige Aeggpten (1872). STEPHANITE (named in honor of Archduke Stephan). A mineral silver sulphantimonite crystallized in the orthorhombic system. It has a metallic lustre and is iron-black in color. It occurs in veins with other silver ores, especially in Freiberg, Bolicmia. in Hungary, Mexico. Peru, and in the United States at the Comstock lode in Nevada, and at various localities in Idaho. STEPH'ANUS, or ETIENNE, a'tyen'. A famous French family of printers and scholars. Henricus (c. 1460-1520) , the foinider of the es- tablishment with which the family is identified, set up a press in Paris in I50I. His publications, about 120 in number, of which only one was in French, were mostly scientific. — His second son, RoBERTx;s (1503-59), had a good classical train- ing and on his father's death carried on the business. In 1531 his Thesaurus Linguce Latinw began to appear, and in 1539 he was appointed royal printer to Fran- cis I. In 1551, after the King's death, he was forced to leave Paris for Geneva, where in the same year he published the Greek New Testa- ment, with his verse divisions, which are still in u.se. His variotis editions of the Bible, in He- brew, Greek, Latin, and French, several works of the Genevan reformers, a Dictionnaire fran- cais-latin (1539-40 and 1549). French and Latin grammars, and a work on pedagogy', the first book from his press (1526). are the more impor- tant titles in a list of neary 400. all of which are nuirked by wonderful typographical clearness and acciiracv. — His son HENRlcfs. the younger (1528-98), after three years in his father's es- tablishment in Geneva, in 1554 became independ- ent. From his extensive travels he brought
