STEWART. 569 STEWART. the last seventeen years of his service he was senior officer of the navy. STEWART, David, Duke of Rothesay and Earl of L'arrick. See Rothesay. STEWART, Sir Donald Martin (1824- 1900). A British field-marshal, lie was born near Forres, Elginshire; completed his education at Aberdeen University, and in 1840 joined the Bengal Army. He saw actie service on the fron- tier; served" with distinction during the Indian .Mutiny at the sieges of Delhi and Lucknow; com- manded the Bengal troops in the Abyssinian War in 1807-68; and from 1869 to 1874 was chief commissioner of the Andaman and Nicobar Isl- ands. During the Afghan War in 1878 he was in command of the Kandahar field force, and in 1880 on his celebrated march from Kandahar to Kabul won the battles of Ahmed Khel and Urzu. As military and civil commander in Northern Afglianistan, he sent Sir Frederick Roberts on his famous march from Kabul to Kandahar, while he withdrew with the remainder of the army through the Khyber Pass. STEWART, Dugald (1753-1828). A Scottish philosoplicr, born in Edinburgh. He studied at the University of Edinburgh from 176.5 to 1769. In 1771 he went to Glasgow, partly with a view to one of the Snell .scholarships at Balliol Col- lege, Oxford, and partly to attend the lectures of Dr. Reid. It was there that he wrote an es- say on dreaming, which was his first effort in mental philosophy and contained the germs of many of his subsequent speculations. He lived in the same house with Archibald Alison, the autlior of the Essai/ on Taste, and the two became intimate friends through life. He was at Glas- gow only one session. In 1772, in his nineteenth year, lie was called upon by his father, whose health was failing, to teach the mathematical classes in the University of Edinburgh: in 1775 he was elected joint professor, and acted in that capacity till 1785. In 1778 Adam Ferguson was absent from his post on a political mission to America, and Stewart taught the moral philoso- phy class in addition to his mathematical classes. On the resignation of Ferguson in 1785, he was appointed professor of moral phi- losophy, and continued in the active duties of the chair for twenty-five years. In 1792 appeared his first volume of the Elements of the Philosophy of the Hitman Mind. In 1793 he published his Outlines of Moral Philosophy. In 1806, on the accession of the Whig Party to power, he re- ceived a sinecure office worth £300 a year. In 1810 Stewart gave up his active teaching work and retired to Kinneil House. Linlithgowshire, which the Duke of Hamilton placed at his ser- vice. In the same year he published his Philo- sophical Essai/s: in IS14 the second, and in 1827 the third volume of the Elements: and in 1828 Philosophii of the Active and Moral Poipers. He died in Edinburgh, June 11, 1828. The philosophy of Stewart was the following up of the reaction against the skeptical re- sults tluit Berkeley and Himie drew from the principles of Locke. Both Reid and Stewart pro- fessed the Baconian method of observation and induction, but considered that these processes of investigation could establish certain ultimate truths of a higher certainty than themselves. His collected works were edited bv Sir W. Ham- ilton, in II vols. (Edinburgh, 1854-59), to which Professor Veitch contributed a biography. STEWART, JIatthew, Earl of Lennox ( 15IG- 71). A Regent of Scotland. He w-as born in Dumbarton Castle and was the son of ,Iohn, third Earl of Lennox. After negotiations with Henry VIII. of England which resulted in treason to his own countr}-, he married Henry's niece. Lady Margaret Douglas, and engageil in •several fruitless expeditions in the attempt to bring Scotland under the control of England. When Mary Stuart came to the throne of Scot- land. Lennox returned to his native country, was reinstated in his forfeited estates, and arranged the marriage Ijetween Maiy and his eldest son, Henry, Lord Darnley (q.v.). After his son's murder he took an active part in the seizure and imprisonment of Jlary in Lochleven Castle, and was provisionally appointed Regent on be- half of his infant grandson, afterwards .Lames VI. He was appointed lieutenant-general of the kingdom and confirmed in the Regency after the assassination of ^Murrav, in 1570; he led his forces against and gallantly defeated the Queen's supporters, capturing the castles of Doune and Dumbarton; and convened a parlia- ment at Leith which was adjourned to be held later at Stirling. While on his journey to the latter town he was mortally wounded during a skirmish with some of the Queen's partisans. STEWART, Robert, second Marquis of Lon- donderry, best known as ViscouXT C'a.stlereagh (1769-1822). An eminent English statesman. He was the eldest surviving son of Robert, first Marquis of Londonderry, and was educated at Saint John's College, Cambridge. He entered the Irish Parliament in 1790 at the age of twenty- one. In 1796 he became Viscount Castlereagh ; and in 1798 he was made Chief Secretary for Ireland. In suppressing the rebellion of that year he was resolute and energetic. In helping to bring about the Parliamentary union with Eng- land he made free use of English money in corrupting opponents of the plan. He entered the Imperial Parliament, and in 1805-06 was Secretary of State for the War and Colonial departments. Resigning on Pitt's death in 1806. he resumed the office of War Minister next }-ear, and organized the disas- trous Walclieren expedition (1809). Canning (q.v.), then Foreign Secretary, attacked Castle- reagh on this account with much bitterness. The result was that both resigned, and a duel took place between them. September 21, 1809. in which Canning was wounded. After the assassination of Perceval in 1812, Castlereagh became Foreign Secretary, a post which he held during the period famous for the achievements of the Duke of Wellington. By this time the general direc- tion of British policy was unalterably fixed by circumstances, and it was the merit of Castle- reagh that he pursued this course with steadi- ness and' even obstinacy. His personal influence and his untiring exertions kept together the coalition against Napoleon. He represented Eng- land at the Congress of Vienna in 1814-15, at the Treaty of Paris in 1815. and at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818. His foreign policy was favorable to the principles of the 'Holy Alliance' abroad and he constantly recom- mended despotic measures at home. As the leader of the Liverpool Government in the Lower
