STIGMAKIA. 572 STILICHO. mark). The generic name given to fossilized plant remains with pitted surfaces, found in the coal measures. They were first thought to represent a distinct species of plant, but they are now known to be the roots of Sigillaria and other trees that lived in Carboniferous times. STIGMATIZATION (from ML. stigmatizare, from Gk. aTiyimrl^eiy, stigmatizein, to mark, brand, from ffrlyim, stigma, mark, brand, punc- ture, from (TTiieiv, stizcin, to mark, puncture). The name applied to the impression on certain individuals of the 'stigmata' or marks similar to the wounds made in the body of Christ during His torture. These stigmata comprise not only the wounds of the hands and feet and of the side received in the crucifixion, but also those im- pressed by the crown of thorns and by the scourging. In some cases the stignuita have been only subjectively felt and could not be seen by others. In a few cases, wherein it has been claimed that the impression was made upon the heart alone, special marks have been found on that organ after death. The impression of the stigmata, being held in certain cases to be mi- raculous, was regarded as a mark of signal favor. The first and most remarkable example of stig- niatization is that of Saint Francis of Assisi (q.v.). In his case these mysterious markings are said to have persisted for three years, until his death, and to have been seen by Saint Bonaventure and by several popes, and closely ob- served by multitudes after his death. Since Saint Francis's time there have been many such cases. Dr. Imbert Gourbeyre in 1894 was'iible to collect 3'21 examples, in every century since the thirteenth, in every European country and in every station in lite. While the great majority were religious, mostly Dominicans or Franciscans, many were not and some tw-enty were in the married state. Nearly 100 w^ere re- ported during the nineteenth century. The most noteworthv of these are Anna Katherine Em- merich (died 1824) and Louise Lateau (18,'50-83) of Bois d'Haine, Belgium. This last case attracted great attention and provoked public discus- sion, in which the Salpetri&re school of neurology took the position that stigmatization is only a neurotic phenomenon in hysterical individuals. Dr. Lefebvre. an eminent physician, professor of medicine at the University of Louvain, who had been for many years in attendance at two insane asylums, after a prolonged investigation of Louise Lateau's' case, pronounced it miraculous. On the other hand, Theodor Schwann, the dis- tinguished biologist, also a professor at Louvain and himself a Catholic, refused after careful examination to admit the preternatural char- acter of the phenomena. There seems no doubt that phenomena of a nearly similar kind have been produced by suggestion in susceptible indi- viduals. In the Comptes Rendus of the Society of Biology of Paris for .July 11, 1885, there is a report of a case in which bleeding through the unbroken skin was produced by hypnotic sugges- tion. Consult: CJourbeyre, Les stigmatises (Paris, 1873) ; id., La stigmatisatioii, I'extase divine et les miracles de Lovrdes (ib., 1894) ; Bourneville, Le science et le miracle (ib., 1878) ; Lefebvre, Louise Lateau (Louvain, 1870) ; Bourneville, Louise Lateau (Paris, 1875); Richer, Etudes cUniques sur Vhystero-&pilepsio ou grande hystdrie (ib., 1881). STILES, sttiz, Ezra (1725-95). An American clergyman and college president, born at North Haven, Conn. He graduated at Yale in 1746, was tutor there from 1749 to 1755, was ordained by the Congregational Church in 1749, and preached for a time to the Stockbridge Indians. Transient religious doubts induced him to aban- don the ministry and study law' (1752) : and he was adrflitted to the bar in 1752, and practiced in New Haven in 1753-55. Returning to the ministry in 1756, he was pastor of the Second Church in Newport, R. I., in 1756-77. and dining this period spent a large part of his time in lit- erary and scientific studies, learning several European and Oriental languages and carrying on an extensive correspondence with learned men in many parts of the world. In 1777-78 he was pastor of the Nortli Church, Portsmouth, N. H., and in 1778 became the president of Yale, which position he held until his death. In addition to his presidential duties, he occupied the chair of ecclesiastical history from 1780 to 1795, and* lectured on mathematics, astronomy, natural philosophy, and mental and moral pliilosophy. Both during and preceding the Revolution he was an ardent patriot. Besides several orations and sermons, he published An Account of the Settlement of Bristol, R. I. (1785), and a ram- bling, diffuse History of Three of the Judges of King Charles I. (1794); while his Literary Diary and bound manuscripts preserved at Yale fill over 45 volumes. The diary edited b.y Dex- ter was published in 1901. Consult Life, by his son-in-law, Abiel Holmes (1798), and by J. L. Kingsley in Sparks's American Biography. STILES, Henky Reed (1832—). An Ameri- can physician and author, born in New' York City. He was educated at the College of the City of New York, and at Williams, subsequent- ly studied medicine, and practiced for a short time. In 1857 he began the publication of The American Journal of Education. In 1859 he re- sumed his medical practice, and in 1863 became librarian of the Long Island Historical Society. In 1873 he became superintendent of the New York Homoeopathic Insane Asylum at iliddletown, N. Y., and from 1877 to ISSl was director of the Homceopathic Dispensary at Dundee. Scotland. From 1882 to 1885 he was professor of mental and nervous diseases in the New York Woman's Medical College. His publications include: The History and Genealogies of Ancient Windsor, Connectictit (1859); Monograph on Bundling in America (1861); The Wallahout Prison-Shtp Series (1865) ; and The History of the City of Brooklyn, New York (1867-70). He edited Illustrated History of the County of Kings (fnd City of Brooklyn (1884). STILETTO-FLY. A small, slender preda- tory tly of the family Therevid.'e, frequently of varied color and closely resembling one of the robber-flies (Asiliidte). It does not catch its prey on the wing as do the robber-flies, but lies in wait upon leaves and bushes and even upon the ground, springing on weaker insects as they ap- proach. The larvae are very long and slender, and live in rotten wood and in rich earth, and seem to feed upon both decaying animal and vegetable matter. STILICHO, stil'i-ko. Flaius ( ?-a.d. 408). . Roman general, one of the most notable figures in the history of the sinking power of Rome and
