STUART. 637 STUART. III.; James I., II., III., IV., V.; Mary Stlakt; James I. (of Engl.iiul) ; Charles I. and II.; Ja.mes II.; ilAKV II.; aiul A.nne.) In the person of .I.imes II. the lino of JStiuart was driven from the English and t>cottish thrones. The claims of the house were upheld by James's son, the Old Pretender (see Stuart, James Ed- ward), and by the latter's son, known as the Young Pretender. (See Stuart. Charles Ed- ward.) A brother of the latter was Henry Benedict Maria Clement, Cardinal York, born 1725. After Culloden (1740) he went to Rome, took orders, and was advanced to the purple by Benedict XIV. in 1747. During his brother's life he was known as Cardinal York ; but after his death he assumed the regal style as Henry IX., King of England. The expulsion of Pius VI. from Rome, and other events follow- ing upon the French Revolution, drove him to Venice, aged and infirm and re- duced to absolute poverty. George III. settled on him an annuity of £4000. He died in 1S07 at the age of ciglity-two, the last direct descend- ant in the male line of the royal Stuarts. The female line of the Stuarts is represent- ed by the descendants of Henrietta JIaria, daughter of Charles I., who was mar- ried to Philip, Duke of Orleans, brother of Louis XIV. of France. This princess had two daughters, of whom the elder, ilary, wae Queen of Charles II. of Spain, and died childless: the younger, Anna Maria, married Victor Amadeus II., Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia, and was mother of Charles Emmanuel III., King of Sardinia, and grandmother of Vic- tor Amadeus III. of Sardinia. See Savoy, House of. The branch of the family which the Act of Settlement called to the throne on the death of Queen Anne was descended from the Electress iSophia of Hanover, granddaughter of James I. (VI.) by her mother, the Princess Elizabeth Stu- art (q.v.), Electress Palatine and Queen of Bo- hemia. The cadets of the House of Stuart, descendants of Robert II., are represented by some of the most noble titles in Scotch and English history. Consult: Stewart, Historical an(Z Goienlogicnl Account of the Royal Famih/ of Scotland, and of the fturname of Stewart (Edinburgh. 1739) ; Noble, Historical Genealociy of the Royal House of Steu-art (London, L705) ; Thornton, The Stuart Dunasty (ib., 1890) ; Gihh and Skelton, The Royal House of Stuart ( ib., 1890). STU'ART, Lady Arabella, or Arbella (1575-1G15). The daughter of Charles Stuart, Earl of Lennox, a j-ounger brother of Lord Darn- ley (q.v.). She was the next in the line of suc- cession to her cousin James I. of England, and her relationship to Elizabeth gave rise to a num- ber of plots, including one by Sir Walter Ralegh in 160.3, to place her on the throne. Several schemes to marry her were defeated by Eliza- beth, but in IGIO it was discovereil that she had made a secret marriage with Villiam Seymour (q.v.), grandson of the Earl of Hertford. Sey- mour was imprisoned in the Tower of London and his wife put in the custody of the Bishop of Durham, but she escaped to a French vessel, in which her husband, who had escaped from the Tower, was also to sail. He did not reach it, but escaped in another vessel, while the vessel in which -rabella sailed was captured, and she spent the last five years of her life in the Tower, dying insane. Consult Cooper, Life and Letters of Lady Arabella Stuart (ISUG). STUART, Charles Edward Louis Philip CAtsi.M Hi, lilt en called the Young Pretender ( 1720- SS). A claimant to the Britisli throne. Ho was the eldest son of Janios Edward, known as the Old Pretender, and was born at Rome, After some military service on the Continent, Charles, encouraged by the French Government, decided to make an armed attempt to obtain the British crown. The French aid, however, did not ma- terialize, and Charles landed almost alone on August 2, 1745, on an islet in the Hebrides. The Highland clans Hocked to his standard, and Charles pressed on to Perth, where he was joined by Lord George Murray, Tlie troops of the Gov- ernment were defeated at Prcstonpans on Sep- tember 21, 1745, and Carlisle was taken in November, Lord George Murray completely out- manieuvred his opponents, and soon had a clear road to London. In the first days of December the Highlanders were in Derby. Panic prevailed in London. But England did not rise in behalf of the Stuarts as had been expected, and Murr.iy was cut oft' from his base of supplies. In conse- quence the retreat began on December 6, and the Duke of Cumberland pursued. On April IG (new style April 27), 1740, the rebels were totally defeated at Culloden Moor, From April to September Charles Edward lay concealed in the Highlands and on the Hebrides with a price on his head, and hunted by the soldiers, but safe in the devoted loyalty of the clansmen. He finally reached France after many hairbreadth escapes. Thereafter his life was chiefiy marked by its dissoluteness. It seems that he was in London in 1750, and again in 1752 and 1754, in the vain hope of fomenting another rising. In 1772 Charles married Louisa, Princess of Stol- herg (see Albany, Louisa !Maria Caroline), but she was unable to tolerate his brutality, and they separated in 1780. Thereafter Charles lived chiefly at Florence in the company of a daughter born to him by iliss Walkenshaw, his mistress. He died at Rome. Consult : Ewald, Life and Times of Prince Charles Stuart, Count of Albany (London. 1875) ; Lang, The Prince Charles Ed- irard ( ib., 1900). STUART, Elizabeth (1596-1662). See Elizabeth Stuart, STUART, Gilbert (1755- 1828), An Ameri- can portrait painter. He was born at Narra- gansett, R. I.. December 3, 1755. He painted his first portraits when thirteen, having had no in- struction. In 1770 he was taught bj' a Scotsman, Cosmo Alexander, who took him to England, Init upon -Alexander's death Stuart was forced by poverty to return to America after a year's absence. A maturing talent brought him frequent commissions, and thus he was enabled in 1775 to return for further study to England. In London he formed the acquaintance of Ben- jamin West, who gave him instruction and a home in his own house. After much ad- versity, during which he supported himself as an organist, he attained a distinguished position. He returned to America in 1792, his impelling motive being to paint the portrait of Washing- ton. He established a studio in New Y'ork. but re- moved to Philadelphia, where the first Washing-
