SUTRA. 730 SU TUKG-P'O. become the reverse of brief, for the Buddhist Sutras, or Siittas (see PiTAKA), the sermons as- cribed to Buddha, excel in prolixity almost every other type of literature in existence. STJTEI, soo'tre (anciently SXJTBIUM). A town in the Province of Rome, Italy, 29 miles northwest of Rome. It is interesting for its an- cient walls and gates, its Etruscan tombs, and the ruins of an amphitheatre dating from the time of Augustus. Sutri is known as the scene of the synod which in 1046 deposed Popes Gre- gory VI. and Svlvester III. Population (com- mune), in 1901, 2795. SXJTRO, soo'tro, Adolph Heinrich Joseph (1830-98). A German-American mining engi- neer, philanthropist, and Mayor of San Francisco. He was born at Aix-la-Chapelle, in Rhenish Prussia; came to the United States in 1850 ; and soon after went to the Pacific Coast. He was best known as the designer and construc- tor of the famous Sutro Tunnel, built to drain and ventilate the mines of the celebrated Comstock silver lode in Nevada. It is 20,500 feet long, and cost about $(),500,000. It did not prove so valu- able as had lieen hoped, but by investing the re- turns which he got from it in San Francisco real estate Sutro became a millionaire. In 1880 he laid out in San Francisco the Sutro Heights Park, and he made numerous gifts to the city. He also founded the Sutro Library, con- taining about 250,000 volumes. In 1894 he was elected Mayor of the city by the Populists. By the terms "of his will Sutro Heights was given to the city for a public park, the Sutro Library was to be" opened to the public, and San Miguel ranch was given to support a scientific school. The will was, however, set aside by the courts on the ground that he was not mentally competent at tiie time he made it. SUTTEE (from Skt. satl, virtuous wife). The practice which prevailed in India of a wife burning herself on the funeral pile, either w-ith the body of her husband, or separately, if he died at a distance. Suttee for the orthodo.x Hindus is based on the injunctions of their sacred books, and there can be no doubt that various passages in the Puranas (q.v.) and codes of law counte- nance belief in its merit and etlicacy. These, how- ever, are all rather late texts. The custom is al- luded to in Hindu literature, and classical authors refer to it as early as B.C. 316. It has even been referred to the Rig Veda as authority, and it was formerly thought that a Vedie verse had been falsified to give support to the practice. It has been shown, however, that this view- is untenable. The Rig Veda does not recognize the custom. Manu (q.v.). the law-giver, does not sanction it, though it was known before his time. It appears at first to have been a royal custom and privi- lege, afterwards generalized and made legal. The custom was abolished by the British in 1829. Suttee is by no means confined to India. Under other names, and in other forms, the widow's death at the grave of her husband is known in many parts of the world, notably in the South Pacific, where a king's favorite wives were Avont to let themselves be buried alive in his grave. Consult: Colebrook, Digest of nindii Law (Lon- don, 1801) ; id.. Miscellnneoiis Essai/s, vol. i. (new ed., ib., 1873) ; Grimm, Kleinere Schriften, vol. ii. (Berlin, 1849); Wilson, Collected ^Vorks, ed. by Rost, vol. ii. (London, 1862). SUT'TEK, John Augustus (1803-80). An American pioneer, born in Kandern, Baden. He was of Swiss parentage and was educated at the military college at Berne. He emigrated to America in 18.34, and became a trader at Santa Fe, N. M. In 1838 he made his way to the Pacific Coast, thence to the Sandwich Islands, and finally to Alaska. Obtaining a grant of Mexican land, he established in 1841 a settle- ment called New Helvetia, where the city of Sacramento now stands. He was Governor of the north district of California under the Mexi- cans, and alcalde and Indian agent after it passed to the United States. In February, 1848, gold was discovered on his estate. The discovery, however, brought him nothing but disaster. Gold- diggers preempted his lands, and except an annual pension of .$3000 granted him by the California Legislature he received nothing. He settled in Pennsylvania in 1873. SUTTNEB, zoot'ner, Bebtha von (1843—). An Austrian, novelist, especially known for her efforts to promote peace. Born at Prague, the daughter of Count Franz Kinsky, she married, in 1876, Baron Arthur von Suttner'( 1850-1902) , also known as a novelist, and lived with him for ten years in Tiflis. In 1891 she founded the Austrian Society of Peace-lovers, and, as its president, took a prominent part in the peace congresses at Rome (1891), Bern (1892), Antwerp (1894), and Hamburg (1897). Her novels include: Eiqh Life (1884; 3d ed. 1902) ; Ein Manuskript (1885) : Er^dhlte Lustspicle (1889) ; Die Waffen nieder (1889: 14th ed. 1896). translated into most European languages; and its sequel Mar- thas Kinder ( 1902) . She also wrote Das Maschi- nenzeitalier (3d ed. 1898) and Die Haager Friedenskonfcren^, Tagebuchbliittcr (1900); and edits the monthl3' Die Waffen nieder (Dresden, 1892. et seq.), organ of the Peace Bureau at Bern. SUT'TON". A town in Surrey, England, four miles northeast of Epsom. Population, in 1891, 13,977; in 1901, 17,224. SUTTON COLD'FIELD. A municipal bor- ough in W'arwicksliire, England, seven miles north-northeast of Birmingham (Map: England, E 4). The chief objects of interest are an ancient Early English church, the grammar school founded in 1543, and the celebrated Sut- ton Park, a recreation ground of 3500 acres, these two latter institutions due to the benefi- cence of Bishop Vesey of Heniy VIII.'s reign, who also bequeathed real estate yielding an an- nual revenue of $15,000, which is applied to educational and charitable purposes. Popula- tion, in 1891. SfiS.-): in 1901, 14.264. SUTTON IN ASH'FIELD. A town in Not- tinghamshire, England, three miles southwest of Mansfield, known for its hosiery manufactures (Map: England, E 3). Population, in 1891, 10,562; in 1901, 14,862. SU TUNG-P'O, or SOD TUNG-P'O, soo'- truig'pu' (1036-1101). The name by which Su Shiii, a Chinese statesman and poet, is best known. He entered public service in 1060. and soon attracted the attention of the Emperor. At his own request he was appointed Governor of Hang- chow (q.v.). He opposed the reforms of Wang An-shih. then in favor at the Court, and was degraded in consequence and banished. On
