tioni^of tl.e Uats and Caps, and under a new Socrigcs hisloria under den nyaste tidcn (1890), constitution to restore the power of the Crown popiUar; Cronhohn, .1 //is/ory of i<ncd<:n (tlii- and of the popular estates at the expense of the cago, 1902) ; and the standard works of Fryxe 1, nol.lcs. His extravagance and dissoluteness dc- Strinnholni, Malmstriini, Montelius, and Hilde- traeted, however, from his merits as a ruler. He brand. was assassinated in 1792. His son and successor, SWE'DENBORG, Su pron. sva'dcn-hory', Gustavus IV. Adolphus (q.v.). was but three K:vrAMKi. (HISS 1772 ) . A Swedish scientist and years of at;e at his accession, anil was forcibly de- theoloyian. He was Inirn in Stockholm and died posed in 1S09. and obliged to renounce the crown ;„ j.omlon. His father was .Tesper Svedl>erf;, sub- for himself and his direct heirs in favor of his gequpntly Bishop of Skara. He was educated at uncle, Charles XIII. (1809-18), who was com- Upsala, and traveled for four years in England, pelled at once to conclude a lunniliatins peace HoHand, France, and Ccrniany. On his return with Russia, by the terms of which Finland was ^Q Sweden he was appointed by Charles XI 1. to severed from Sweden. The early part of the ^^ assessorship of mines. Swedenborg was en- reign of Charles, who was cliihlless, was troubled „obled in 1719, and the family name clianged by domestic and foreign intrigues to regulate the {,.qj,, Svedberg to Swedenborg. Swedenborg pub- ciioiee of an heir to the throne. Finally, hojiing ijshed short treatises on various topics in the to conciliate Napoleon, the dominant party in fjgids of mathematics, astronomy, physics, and Sweden elected General Bernadotte to the rank of chemistry. He devoted himself for eleven Crown Prince. Bernadotte led the Swedish forces years to the duties of his assessorshi]) and in support of the Allies against the French Em- peror in 1813-14. With the aid of England, Swe- den compelled Denmark, in .January, 1814, to cede Norway to her, the Swedish possessions in Pomerania being handed over to Denmark. The Congress of Vienna (1SI4-1.5) recognized the union of Norway with Sweden; Swedisl Pome- rania passed to Prussia. In 1818 Bernadotte mounted the throne as Charles XIV. John (<i.v.). Under his able administration the united king- doms of Sweden and Norway made great ad- vances in material prosperity and political and intellectual progress ; and although the nation at large entertained very little personal regard for their alien sovereign, his son and successor, Oscar I. (1844-59), and his grandsons, Charles XV. and the present King, Oscar II., who came to the throne in 1872. won a large share of the afTec- tions of the Swedes. The great problem of the dual kingdom under the present sovereign has been to satisfy the demands of the Norwegians, "to a systematic description of mining and smelting, and the construction of a theory of the origin of creation. Tlic result appeared at Leipzig" in 1734, in three massive folios, entitled Opera I'hilosophiea et MineriiUa. This was fol- lowed in the same year by a treatise on The In- finite, and the Final Ciiuse of Creation: and the Mechanism of the Operation of the ^oiil anil the Body, carrying the doctrine of the Prineipia into higlier regions. Dissatisfied with his conclusions, he determined to track tile soul -to its inmost recesses in the body. His studies in human anatomy and physiology, with this end in view, appeared as (F.eonomia [tegni Animalis, in two volumes, 1741, and as Ih-finum Animale, in three volumes, unfinished, 1744-45. At this point his course as scientist was ar- rested, and he entered on his career as seer, by which he is known in history. After 1745 he pro- fessed to have had his spiritual senses opened. His recorded experience was unique in this re- who are more democratic than the Swedes and ^ ^.j^.^^ .j. ^jjj ^^^ consist in haying eounuuni- are restive under the union. See Norway. _ cation with spirits, as is the claim in iiici(h'rn BiBi,ior.R.rnY. Htijer, Konvnqariket Sverige s,pi,itualism : nor did it consist in having visions (Stockholm. 1872-84); Rosenberg. Geografixkt- ,j,e,.ely, and receiving comnumications. as was statistiskt handlexilcon ofrer Sverige{Vo.,i?^V) ; j^jj^ ^^^p ^^.jjjj ^],e prophets: but it consisted in 'Sysirom,Bandl>okiSreriges geografi (ib.. 1895) ; id'., .s'rcriffes rike (ib., 1902) : Du Chaillu, The Land of the MidniqU Sun (New York. 1882); Hahn, "Schweden." in Kirchhoflfs Liinderkunde being liimself consciously an inhabitant of the spiritual world as if he had died, and thence in associating with the people of that world as one of them. In 1749 he made his fir.st public ap- '^on Enropa (Leipzig, 1890) ; Passage, Schieeden pearance in his new character in the issue in Lon (Berlin, 1897) ; Tho'mas, Sweden and the Swedes (Chicago, 1893) ; Healey, Edneationnl Systems of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (London. 1893) ; Gandolphe, La vie et I'art des Seandinaves (Paris, 1899) ; Nathorst, Sveriges geologi (Stockholm, 1894) ; Andersson, Geschichte der Vegetation Sehwedens (Leipzig. 189(il : Nordcn- strbm, L'industrie miniire dc la Snt'dc (Stock- holm, 1897) ; Strindberg and Sjogren, Sreriges natur (ib., 1901) ; Sundbiirg. La Suede: son peu- don of the Arcana Caicstin, completed in !75('i in eight quartos. It is a revelation of the internal, or spiritual, sense of Genesis and Exodus. Adam signifies the Jlost Ancient Church, and the flood its dissolution: Noah, the Ancient Church, which, falling into idolatry, was superseded by the Jewish. The spiritual sense pervades the Scrip- tures, with the exception of Ruth. Chronicles, Ezra, Ncheniiah, Esther. .Tob. Proverbs. Ec- clesiastes, the Song of Solomon, the .cts of the pie et son Industrie (ib., 1900; English trans., Apostles, and the Epistles. By reason of its ib 1903). History. Dunham, History of symbolism of the inward sense, the letter Denmark, Sweden, a7id liorway (London, 1840), of Scripture is holy in every jot and tittle.
