TELEGBAPHY. 99 TELEOLOGY. Construction of Cable. A submarine cable consists of three parts: (1) The central conduc- tor, or core, to carry the cirrent. This is made of copper wire, either solid or in strands. (2) A cov- ering of insulating material to prevent the cur- rent from being dissipated. This is visually made of gutta-percha, although recently, in submarine telegraphy in the Phili])pine Islands, rubber lias 'been used instead. (3) An outer covering to protect the insulating material from injury. This is usually of yarn, tape, or canvas. The cable is generally divided into three sections: the deep-sea section, the intermediate portion, and the shore end. The last portion has to be con- structed with greatest care and strength, as in shallow water there is more danger of injury from rocks and other causes. It is estimated tliat a deep-sea cable weighs about one ton per nautical mile. Cables cost from $350 in deep sea to $1500 at the shore end per mile. The cost of maintenance is often heavy and requires the services of a fleet of vessels. BiBLioGR.PHY. Consult Bright, Submarine Tclcgraphtj (London, 189S), a thorough and in- teresting treatment of the subject from both the historic and scientific sides; also, "Submarine and Land Telegraph Systems of the World," in Monthly Suminanj of Commerce and Finance of the United t<taics, July, 1903 (Washington, Treasury Department). TELEGRAPHY, Wireless. See Wireless Teleurapiiy. TEL EL-AMARNA, tel el-a-mar'na. A place in Jliddle Egj'pt, on the right bank of the Nile, about midway between Thebes and Jlemphis. It includes the Arab villages Hagg-Ivandil and Et-Tell and is the site of the ancient city of Khut-Iten (Horizon of the Sun), founded by the heretic King Anienophis IV. (q.v. ), who aban- doned Thebes and removed his residence thither. A splendid temple and palace were built, and the city increased so rapidly that it soon ex- tended to the opposite bank of the Nile ; but it had only a brief existence. After the death of Anienophis and the triumph of the orthodox re- ligion, the royal residence was transferred to Thebes and the new city fell into decay as rapidly as it had risen. Fiftv years after its foundation it was in ruins, and has never since been inhab- ited. The ruins of the temple and palace are still to be seen, and in the vicinity are a number of interesting rook-hewn tombs, richly adorned with sculptures and paintings, constructed for the courtiers of the royal founder of the city. In the winter of 1887-88 the archive chamber of Anienophis was discovered by some natives, and in it were found a number of cuneiform tab- lets containing the Asiatic correspondence of the King and of his father, Anienophis III. (See Amarna Letters.) The site was explored by Petrie in 1891-92. Consult Petrie, Tel el-Amar- «a (London, 1897) ; Baedeker, Aegypten (Leip- zig, 1897). TEL EL-KEBIR, tel ol ka-ber'. A village of Northeastern EgA'pt. on the Sweet Water Canal, 18 miles east by south of Zagazig, noted as the scene of a battle between the English under Lord Wolseley and the Egyptian insurgents under Arabi Pasha (q.v.), September 13, 1882. See Egypt. TELEMACHUS, te-lem'a-kiSs (Lat., from Gk. IrfSJiiaxoi). In Greek legend, the son of Odysseus ( see Ulysses ) and Penelope ( q.v. ) . At the opening of the Odyssey he is represented as led hy Athena in the guise of Mentor, a trusted Ithacan friend of Odysseus, in search of tidings of his long- absent father, since he was unable alone to expel the insolent suitors of his mother. Having visited Pylos and Sparta, Telcmachus returned home to Ithaca, where he found his fatlicr in the guise of a beggar, at the hut of the faitliful swineherd Euuiaeus. After Odysseus had revealed his iden- tity to his son, they carried out a plan for the slaying of the suitors. In post-Homeric legend it was told how, after the death of Odysseus, Teleniachus and his mother accompanied Tele- gonus to the island of Circe, where Telegonus wedded Penelope, and Teleniachus Circe. TELEMACHUS. A Syrian monk who in a.d. 404 leaped into the arena of the Coliseum dur- ing a gladiatorial combat, attempting to separate the contestants. He was stoned to death, but his heroic protest led Honorius to suppress gladia- torial fights; at least there is no evidence of their taking place after this time. TELEMAQTJE, ta'la'niiik', Aventures de (Fr., Adventures of Teleniachus). A romance, with some political significance, by Feiielon (1699), founded on the adventures of the son of Odysseus and largely influenced by Barclay's Argenis (q.v.). The principal character repre- sented the author's conception of an ideal youth and was meant as a model for his pupil, the son of Louis XIV. TELEMETER (from Gk. r^Xe, tele, afar + nirpov, inclroii, measure). An instrument for measuring the distance to a remote object, used in surveying and in military operations by engi- neers and artillerists. In the Boulenge telemeter, the distance from the observer to a cannon or ex- ploding shell is ascertained by measuring the time consumed by the sound in reaching the ear. There are many forms of telemeter, which consist for the most part of telescopes and mirrors by means of which angles can be read and the dis- tance computed. Ciautier's telemeter is a type of this class of instruments, and depends upon the double reflection of a beam of light, as in the ease of the sextant, and the measurement of a short base line at the point of observation. The telem- eter of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey is more generallv known among American engineers as the stadia (q.v.) , and in Great Brit- ain as a tacliometer. It consists of a mounted tele- scope with two extra horizontal cross wires that intercept a certain number of divisions on the image of the graduated rod held upright at the distant point. The distance of the rod from the instrument is obtained by multiplying the read- ing by a constant factor w'hich depends upon the construction of the telescope. Stadia measure- ments are particularly useful in making a rapid survey or reconnaissance and are accurate to about one part in 700. The name telemeter is also applied to an instrument which is connected electrically with indicating apparatus such as a meter or gauge and furnishes a similar record at a distant station. See Rance-Finder. Con- sult Baker, Engineer's Surveying Instruments (New York, 1892). TELEOLOGY (from Gk. tAos, telos. end, completion + -oyla, -logia, account, from Xfyeiv, legcin, to say). A term used in philos- ophy to denote any theory which explains the
