TELMANN. Ill TEMPB. TEL'MANN, Konead. The pseudonym of the Gi'iiiKin poet and novelist Ernst Otto Konrad Zitehnanu (q.v. ). TELPHERAGE (from telpher, from Gk. T^Xe, tele, afar + (p4peii>, pherein, to bear). The automatic transportation of materials bj' elec- tricity. Usually it is aerial transportation, and is employed for a car or truck operated by one or more electric naotors which travels by means of grooved wlieels on a tiglitly drawn wire cable. This truck receives its operating cur- rent by means of a short trolley pole and wheel from a wire conductor suspended over the track cable. The movement of the truck or tel- pher, as it is usually termed, may be controlled by an operator manipulating switches located at points along the line, or they may take place automatically. See Cableways for other meth- ods of aerial transportation. TEL'UGTJS. The northeastern division of the Dravidian family, numbering more than 20,000,- 000. They present the typical aspect of the race — medium statured, mcsocephalic to dolichoceph- alic in head-form. The Yanadis of Nellore, con- sidered by some authorities to be the primitive Telugus, both with respect to physical character- istics and general culture status, are markedly dolicliocephalic, broad-nosed, short-statured, and dark-skinned. The castes of the Telugus, adopt- ed through Hindu influence, run down from the Brahmans to the despised Madigas, who are leather-workers. Other divisions are the Palay- yakkarans and Tottlj'ans (cultivators), the lat- ter of whom practice cousin-marriage: the Ko- matis (traders) . who have their sacred book, the Kanyakapuran ; the Boyas (hunters): the Bes- tas (hunters and fishers). Hinduism has large- ly, even among such primitive tribes as the Yanadis, superseded the old 'animistic' religion of the Telugus, though ancestor-worship and other relics of more ancient faiths appear here and there. About the middle of the sixth century some of the Telugus made their way into Ceylon, forming part of the advance-guard of the large Dravidian element in the island. The Telugu language is second in importance of the Dravidian dialects, the first being Tamil ( q.v. ) . In its linguistic structure Telugu coin- cides in the main with Tamil, although it differs widely from its older cognate in phonology and vocabulary. The alphabet is derived from one of the old forms of the Sanskrit dcvanagarl script. (See Devanao.ujT. ) The vocabulary is strongly infliienced by Sanskrit, from Avhich about one-third of the literary Telugu words are borrowed. While Telugu is less primitive than Tamil, it far exceeds it in euphony, and is some- times called the Italian of the East. The litera- ture, which is outlined under the title Dravid- lANS, is abundant and of much stylistic merit. Consult: Caldwell, Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian, or Hovth Indian Family of Lan- (jnufief! (2d ed., London, 1S7.5) ; Arden, Progres- sive Orammar of the Telugu Language (Madras, 187.3): Morris. Himplifcd Grammar of Telugu (London, 1800) : Brown, Tclugu-English and English-Telugii Dictionart/ (ib., i852-.54) ; Sank- aranarayana, English -Telugti. and Telugu-Eng- lish. Dicfionarii (ib., 1000) : Carr, Collection of Tehigu Proverbs (ib.. 1868) ; Burnell, Elements of Houth Indian Palccography (2d ed., ib., 1878). TEM'BULAND. A dependency of Cape Colony (q.v.), situated south of Griqualand East. Area, 4122 square miles. In 1891 it luid a popu- lation of 180,415, including about 5200 Euro- peans. TEME.RAIRE, ta'mft'rrir'. The. A French battleship captured by the English in the battle of the Nile in 1798. In 1805 she took part in the battle of Trafalgar and was destroyed in 1838. The "Fighting Tvmeraire," a painting by Turner, exhibited in 1839, hangs in the National Gallery, London. TEMESVAE, tem'esh-vUr. A royal free city and capital of the County of Temes, Hungary, on the Bfga Canal, 62 miles southeast of Szegedin (Map: Hungary, G 4). It consists of an outer and an interesting inner town or 'fortress.' There are a Catholic cathedral built by Marie Theresa, a Greek cathedral, immense barracks, and an arsenal (the castle built by Hunyady in 1442). The commander's palace, 'the Gree'k Catholic Bishop's palace, and a Gothic column (40 feet high), by Max, erected to the memory of the town's defenders of 1849, are among the note- wortliy structures. There is a nuiseum of art, natural history, and antiquities. The town has a royal tobacco factor_y and manufactures cloth, paper, and leather. Temesv;ir became a town in the thirteenth century. It was destroyed by the Tatars in 1242. Prom 15.52 to 1716 it was' held by the Turks, from whom it was taken by Prince Eugene. In 1849 it successfully resisted the at- tack of the Hungarian insurgents under Vecsey. On August 9, 1849, the Hungarians under Bem and Dembinski were defeated near Teniesvflr by the Austrians under Haynau. Population, in ISnO, 43,483; in 1900, 53,033, mostly German Catholics. TEMME, tem'me,.JoDOCU.s Donatus Hubertts (1798-1881). A German criminalist, politician, and novelist, born at Lette, Westphalia. He studied law at Miinster and Giittingen, entered upon liis judicial career in 1817 at Paderborn. and after holding various judicial offices became vice- president of the Provincial Court of Appeals at Miinster in 1848. His attitude as a leader of the Extreme Left in the Prussian as well as the German National Assembly involved him in a trial for high treason, and, althoiigh he was aquitted bv the jury, caused his dismissal from Government service, in 1851. In the following .vear he accepted the professorship of criminal law at Zurich. Whatever success attended his legal publications was outstripped by his repu- tation as the author of more than 150 novels and stories dealin."- with criminal plots, among which may be mentioned Deutsche Kriminal- novellen. (1858-59), Kriminalnovellen. 10 vols. (1860-63), Diinkle Wegc (1862), Hchwarzort (1863), Die Hcimat (1868), and Die Generalin (1877). TEM'PE (Lat,, from Gk. T^iivt}). A narrow mountain defile, about four and a half miles long, in the northeastern part of Thessaly, be- tween the precipitous sides of Mount 01.^Tnpu3 (q.v.) and Ossa (q.v.), through which flows the River Peneus. At places the rocky walls retire, leaving room for little glades and open- ings. Tempe was celebrated as one of the favor- ite haunts of Apollo. It was from the earliest times noted for its beauty and picturesqueness
