Kelly, The American Navy (ib., 1897); Spears, History of Our American Navy (New York, 1897-99); Morris, The American Navy (London, 1898); Marvin, American Merchant Marine (ib., 1902); Long, The New American Navy (New York, 1903); United States Navy Department Annual Reports (Washington, 1822 et seq.); United States War Department Annual Reports (ib., 1845 et seq.).
Immigration. Report of Commissioners of Immigration (Washington).
Education. Boone, Education in the United States (New York, 1889); Butler, editor, Education in the United States (Albany, 1900); Four American Universities (New York, 1895); Gilman, University Problems in the United States (ib., 1898); United States Commissioner of Education Reports (Washington, 1867 et seq.).
History. For more or less elaborate bibliographies, consult: Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America (Boston, 1886-89); Larned (ed.), The Literature of American History. A Bibliographical Guide (Boston, 1902); Channing and Hart, Guide to the Study of American History (ib., 1896); and Adams, Manual of Historical Literature (New York, 1889).
Standard works are the histories by Bancroft [to 1789] (revised ed., New York, 1883-85); Hildreth [to 1821] (revised ed., ib., 1882); Bryant and Gay (last ed., ib., 1896); Winsor (supra); McMaster [from the Revolution to the Civil War] (New York. 1883—); Schouler [to 1865] (id., 1899); Rhodes [from the Compromise of 1850] (ib., 1893—); Henry Adams [during the administrations of Jefferson and Madison] (ib., 1889-91); Von Hoist, The Constitutional and Political History of the United States (new ed., Chicago, 1899); Curtis, Constitutional History of the United States (New York, 1889-96); Thorpe, The Constitutional History of the American People 1776-1850 (Chicago, 1898); Wilson, History of the American People (New York, 1902); vol. vii. of the Cambridge Modern History (Cambridge, 1903); and the works of Parkman (q.v.), and of John Fiske (q.v.).
On the Colonial period consult, besides several of those already mentioned, Doyle, The English in America (London, 1882-87); Lodge, Short History of the English Colonies in America (New York, 1881); Tyler, History of American Literature 1607-1765 (rev. ed., New York, 1897); Palfrey, Compendious History of New England to the First General Congress of the Anglo-American Colonies (Boston, 1865-73). For further references see bibliographies under the titles of the various States. On the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812: Fiske, The American Revolution (1891); Botta, History of the War of the Independence of the United States (8th ed., New Haven, 1840); Trevelyan, The American Revolution (London, 1899); Carrington, Battles of the American Revolution (New York, 1876); Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812 (ib., 1882); and Maclay, History of the United States Navy from 1774 (ib., 1897-1900). Further references are given under titles of different battles, and of men prominent in the two wars.
For further references to works on the history of the United States, see the bibliographies to special articles, such as Loyalists: Mexican War; Civil War; Confederate States of America; Reconstruction, etc.; and the bibliographical notes appended to articles on the various States, and to biographical sketches of prominent men.
UNITED STATES, Extension of the
Territory of the. Prior to 1781 only six of the thirteen
original States, viz. New Hampshire, Rhode
Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Delaware, had exactly defined boundaries. Of
the remaining seven States, some claimed to
extend to the Pacific Ocean and others to the
Mississippi River. The States with inexact
bounddaries ceded to the General Government their
claims to lands west of their present limits in
succession, as follows: March 1, 1781, New York;
March 1, 1784, Virginia, the cession including the
territory which now forms the State of Kentucky
and the parts of the States of Ohio, Indiana,
and Illinois which lie south of the forty-first
parallel, Virginia, however, reserving from
this cession for military-bounty lands the entire
territory, 6570 square miles, between the Scioto
and Little Miami rivers, from their sources to the
Ohio River; April 19, 1785, Massachusetts,
including her claims to territory west of the present
boundary of New York; September 14, 1786,
Connecticut, the cession being the territory west
of the Alleghanies between the parallels of 41°
and 42°, except a strip 120 miles in length lying
directly west of Pennsylvania retained for the
benefit of her public schools and later known as the
Western Reserve (q.v.), which she ceded to the
United States in 1800; August 9, 1787, South
Carolina, the territory ceded being a strip of
land about 12 miles wide, south of the thirty-fifth
parallel and extending along the southern
boundaries of North Carolina and Tennessee to
the Mississippi; February 25, 1790, North
Carolina, the territory ceded constituting what is
now Tennessee; June 16, 1802, Georgia, after
receiving that part of the cession of South Carolina
lying within her present limits, ceding all
between her present western boundary and the
Mississippi, and between the South Carolina cession
and the thirty-first parallel, embracing a large
part of what is now Mississippi and Alabama.
The foregoing cessions secured to the General
Government nearly all territory ceded by Great
Britain, not included in the original thirteen
States, as in the main now bounded. On November
25, 1850, the State of Texas ceded all her
claims to lands west of the twenty-sixth meridian
west of Washington (103d Greenwich) and
between latitudes 32° and 36° 30′.
Cessions by Foreign Powers. In the treaty of September 3, 1783, with Great Britain the western limits of the United States were declared to be the Mississippi River to the thirty-first parallel. On April 30, 1803, by treaty with France, the ‘Province of Louisiana’ was acquired. (See Louisiana Purchase.) Its western boundary as finally adjusted, February 22, 1819, by treaty with Spain, ran up the Sabine River, to and along the seventeenth meridian (94th Greenwich), to and along the Red River, to and along the twenty-third meridian (100th Greenwich), to and along the Arkansas River, to and along the Rocky Mountains, to and along the twenty-ninth meridian (106th Greenwich), to and along the forty-second parallel, to the Pacific Ocean. Its northern boundary conformed to the boundary established
