VOMITING. 222 VOODOO. vomiting is preceded by a feeling of nausea, an increased How of saliva in the mouth, and moist- noss of the surface due to breaking out of cool perspiration; the face is pale, weakness or abso- lute prostration follows, the pulse becomes slower and feeble. The individual ma}- faint. At first the stomach contents are vomited, consisting of food, mucus, and thin serous fluid. If persistent and violent, the vomiting causes the ejection of bile which has regurgitated from the duodenum into the stomach under the pressure of the dia- phragm, and rarely of fsces from the intestine. In cirrhosis of the liver blood is vomited, as also in phosphorus poisoning. The 'black vomit' in yellow fever owes its color to blood which es- capes into the stomach. In mild attacks of vomit- - ing, such as simply empty an overloaded stomach, the normal state returns immediately. In young infants the act may be simply the revolt of an over-full stomacli, and resembles an overllow, ^vithout systemic disturbance. In severer attacks of vomiting deep inspiratory efforts are made, dur- ing which the diaphragm is thrust down very low against the stomacli, while the lower ribs are drawn in. A sudden, violent expiration and con- traction of the abdominal wall succeed, adding to the pressure upon the stomach. Besides this, the longitudinal fibres of the oesophagus are short- ened and the cardiac orifice of the stomach is somewhat dilated, and the contents are ejected. The vomiting centre in the medulla may be ex- cited by rellex irritation due to peripheral causes, such as tickling the throat, or obstruction of the intestine; or to the presence of renal or biliary calculi. It may be excited by poisons, or by impulses from parts of the cerebrum, due to smells, tastes, and emotions, or by cerebral dis- ease. Some emetics act directly on the vomiting centre, for they are efficient if the stomach be cut out and replaced by a bladder filled with water, as in Claude Bernard's celebrated experi- ment. Others act reflexly by irritating the mu- cous liniug of the stomach. Still others develop a nauseating taste, thus affecting a higher centre in the cerebrum. Tiie treatment of vomiting must be conditioned upon the cause and the accompanying disease. In different conditions mustard applied to the epigastrium, darkness, and the supine posture, or the administration of hot water, aromatic spirit of ammonia, nux vomica, small doses of ipecacuanha, arsenic, soda, ice, whisky, creosote, chloroform, or coffee will relieve. Calomel fre- quently is efiicacious. Sudden and violent vom- iting in a healthy person is cause for suspicion of a poisonous agency at work either fermenta- tion of improper food or a drug. VONDEL, vSn'dr-l. .ToosT v.N den (l.'iST- IfiTO). An eminent Dutch dramatist, born in Cologne. His life was mainly spent quietly in Amsterdam. It was devoted to letters, its chief outward events being Vondel's conversion to Catholicism (10-10). He was given a place as bookkeeper in the Public Loan Office, a post from which he retired in 1(!08. His literary work be- pins with a drama. The Pri.shn (l(il21, and some lyrics, aided by study of the classical drama and the Poetics of Aristotle. Tliercaftcr Vondel's <lramas were classic in form: they observed the unitii'H. employed (lie chorus, and tended gen- erally to lyricism, though often didactic and some- times controversial. His classical imitations or adaptations (Hecuba, 1(525; Hipimlytus, 1028; Electra, 1638; King Oidipus, lOOU; Hercules in Trachis, 1(363; Iphiyenia in Tauris, 1006; The Phirnician Iphigenia, 1008), and others were ac- companied by a parallel series of original tragedies (Jerusalem Laid Waste, 1020; Pala- medes, 1025; Qijsbrecht van Amstel, 1037; Maria iStuart, 1046; Lucifer, 1054; Jephiha, 1059; Adam in Banishtncnt, 1004; Zungchin, 1666; Hoah in the Deiuge, 1007, and others). Of these Lucifer is famous as presenting parallels with Paradise Lost, supposed by some critics to be the result of imitation, but hardly more strik- ing than the resemblance between Milton's work and the poem attributed to the Anglo-Saxon Ciedmon. Vondel wrote also many lyrics, some ])erfunetory, others very characteristic of Dutch national and political ideals and the joy of life, with a plentiful lack of taste and strange limi- tations of genius. He also translated the Met- arnorphoses of Ovid. Vondel's Works were edited by Lennep (12 vols., Amsterdam, 1850-69; re- printed 1888). There are Lives by Baumgart- ner (Freiburg, 1882) and Hack (Hamburg, 1890), and studies by Looten. Etude littcrairc sur Von- • (/f-n Brussels, 1889), and iliiller, Uchcr Miltons Ahhiingigkcit von Rondel (Leipzig, 1891). See also the Bihliography by L'nger (Amsterdam, 1888). VON HOLST, fun hoist. Hermann Eduaed. See HoLST, Hermann Eduard von. VON'NOH, Robert William (1858—). An American portrait, figure, and landscape painter, born in Hartford, Conn. He studied at the ilassachusetts Normal Art School in Boston, and in Paris under Bonlanger and l^efebvre from 1881 to 1883 and again in 1880-91. Between these dates he taught at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. While in Paris he was influenced by the prevailing realism, to which in his own figure compositions he added dramatic feeling. Jlany of his landscapes include figures and are treated impressionistically with daring color and light effects. After his return to America he devoted himself to portraitui'e, and was very successful. He was principal instructor in por- trait and figure painting at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Art's from 1891 until 1896. His works include, "A Poppv Field," "Sad Xews," "Miss Mildred Blair" ( lilOO) . and "Little Louise" ( 1900) . — His wife. Bkssie( Potter) (1872 . — ) , a sculptor, was born in Saint Louis. She stud- ied at the Ai't Institite of Chicago under Taft, whom she also assisted in bis work on the Agri- cultural Building at the World's Fair of 1893. Afterwards she studied in Paris, where she was inllucnced by Rodin, and in Italy. Her work began to be known about 1890, and attracted con- siderable attention because of its iniusual form and technique. Her subjects are groups of chil- dren, or young women, sometimes in polychrome, and she is said to have chosen this form for her art after seeing the Tanagra figurines. They are portrait statuettes in modern dsess. modeled with a sympathetic and sensitive appreciation, in a naturalistic style with very little detail. There are several examples of her work in the Chicago Art Museum. VOODOO, vnfT'd<~. or VAUDOTJX (perhaps a dialectic form of Fr. Vaudois, Waldensian, the
