WAK.SAW. 303 WARSAW. navigable Vistula, on .a clilTy terrace 100 feet high. It is 404 iiiiics cast' of Berlin (Map: Russia, B 4). The snlmrh of I'niga is on the right bank, and is Hanked by a modern suburb — New I'raga. Warsaw is defended by marly 20 detaehed forts. Although it has lost in political status, it is increasing its prestige in all other directions. It is still the gay, active metropolis of Poland, whose literature and arts it dominates. The main city lies close to the river in a com- pact form and is well built. The streets are regularly laid out except in the old city, where the ancient houses arc quaint and the thorough- fares crooked and narrow. There are 11 gates, beyond which lie the new suburl>s. Two bridges cross the Vistula — a railway bridge and the Alexander Bridge, the latter dating from 1805. The former is guarded by a strong fort on each side of the river, the Alexander Citadel (latterly much improved) being on the left bank. This fortress was completed in 1835 and contains a prison for political prisoners. The centre of life in Warsaw is the Palace Square, near the river, and the terminal of the Alexander Bridge. The Theater Square lies a short distance southwest and is flanked by the town hall, and by the fine Grand Theater, where operas and dramas are given. Two fine boulevards, in imitation of the Champs-Elysees district of Paris, are found in the southern part of the city — Ujazdowska and Jerusalem streets. Southwest of the Palace Square is the small but attractive Saxon Garden laid out by Augustus II. There are also the Krasinski "gardens. Along the river in Praga stretches the Alexander Park. There are Russian and upward of 30 Catholic churches. The Catholic Cathedral of Saint .John is north of the Palace Square, ami is con- nected by corridors w'ith the royal palace, which lies on the right and between the square and the river. The church was founded in 13G0. A new Russian cathedral is in course of construction near the Saxon Garden. The Church of the Holy Cross lies southwest and dates from 1005. The numerous palaces of the nobility have generally been put to municipal service by the Russians. The ancient royal palace is occupied by the Gov- ernor-General. ' The Saxon Palace, in the Saxon Garden, formerly the residence of the Saxon- Polish kings, is "also used by the public admin- istration. In the Casimir Palace is the univer- sity. In the southern end of the city, near the river, is the Belvedere summer palace, with beau- tiful gardens embellished with ponds, etc. Ad- jacent is the Lazienki Palace, built by Poniatow- ski. There is an elaborate memorial, with eight reposing lions, to the Polish generals who in 1830 fell while remaining loyal to the Russians. Warsaw is the great industrial and commercial centre of Poland. Machinery, carriages, food products, animal products, and woven goods are leading items among the many varied produc- tions. There are nearly 50 book-printing estab- lishments. Boots and shoes, millinery, plated -ware, etc., are skillfully made. There are over 50,000 skilled artisans 'in the city. The output of hand work is very large. The city is the cen- tre of the Polish interior trade, whose products it sends to other countries, especially Russia. Leather, coal, and corn are leading connnodities of trade. Warsaw is the seat of the (iovernor- General, the Governor, the superior courts, and of the high dignitaries of both the leading re- ligious faiths. At the head of the city admin- istration is a magistrate. Over him, however, stands a Russian general, who is in fact the chief of police. In pulilic improvements, such as water-works, rapid transit facilities, etc., the city is backward. The inhabitants numbered 038,208 in 1897, about one-third being dews. The (Jermaiis form a considerable part of the population, and the Russian garrison has over .30,000 men. At the head of the educational system stands the uni- versity. (See Waksaw, Univer.sity of.) The medical school of Warsaw is famous, as also the school of art, with a fine museum. There are a conservatory of music, an institute of agriculture, etc. In nearly every educational institution in the city the instruction is given in Russian. History. Warsaw was the residence of the mcdia-val dukes of Masovia. Early in the seven- teenth century it superseded Cracow' as the capi- tal of the Polish Kingdom, although the kings continued to be crowned at Cracow. The city was taken by Charles X. Gustavus of Sweden in 1055. Here, on .luly 28-30, 1G5G, was fought a great battle in which the Poles were defeated by the armies of Sweden and Brandenburg. This w'as inmiediately followed by another Swedish occupation. In 1702 Charles XII. of Sweden en- tered Warsaw. In 1794, after the second par- tition of Poland, the city rose against the Rus- sians. In the summer of that year it successfully withstood the forces of Frederick William II. of Prussia. In the fall a Russian army under Suvaroff advanced against it. Praga was stormed on November 4th, the Russians perpetrating a fearful massacre, and on the 8th Warsaw sur- rendered. In the third partition of Poland Warsaw fell to Russia. In 1807 it became the capital of the newly erected Duchy of Warsaw. (See Poland.) In 1813 it passed to the Rus- sians. The Polish uprising of 1830 began here on November 29th. the Grand Duke Constant ine being forced to retire. The city held out until Sep- tember S. 1831, when it capitulated. WAKSAW. The county-seat of Kosciusko County, Ind., 122 miles north by east of Indian- apolis; near the Tippecanoe River, and on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago, the Penn- sylvania, and the Cleveland. Cincinnati. Chicago and Saint Louis railroads (Map: Indiana, D 1). It is in a picturesque lake region and has con- siderable reputation as a summer resort. The noteworthy features include Winona Park, the Winona Agricultural- and Technical Institute, the public library, and the county court-house. Warsaw is surrounded by a farming and stock- raising country, and manufactures canned and pickled goods, flour, machinery, water heaters, etc. Population, in 1890, 3574; in 1900, 3987. WARSAW. The county-seat of Wyoming County, N. Y., 48 miles east by south of Roches- ter; on the Erie and the Buffalo. Rochester ami Pittsburg railroads (Map: New York, B 3). It has a L^nion School Library with more than 4500- volumes. Warsaw is surrounded by a farming section, and has extensive salt deposits. There are salt works and manufactories of knit goods, brooms, carriages, foundry products, ivory but- tons, etc. The water-works are owned by the
