VAUVEN ARGUES. 30 VECTOR. its true value from the moral aphorisms based on personal, though vague, observation of the sort familiar in English to readers of Pope. His complete works were edited by Gilbert (1857), and by Plon (1874). Consult Palgologue, T'auiJe- nar'/ucs (Paris, 1890). VAUX, vftx, Calvert (1824-95). A British- American architect and landscape gardener, born in London. In 1843-46 he was an indentured pupil of L. N. Cottingham, a prominent London architect, and in 1850 removed to the United States as assistant to A. J. Downing (q.v. ), a well-known American landscape gardener. Sub- sequently he became Downing's architectural partner, with offices at Newburg, N. Y., upon Downing's death conducted the business there from 1852 to 1857, and then established himself in New York City, where he entered into partner- ship with Frederick Law Olmsted (q.v.). In as- sociation w-ith Olmsted he made plans for Cen- tral, Riverside, and Jlorningside parks, in New York City, for Prospect Park in Brooklyn, for parks at isridgeport, Conn., and Chicago, 111., and for the New York State reservation at Niagara Falls. He also designed numerous buildings, in- cluding the first structures for the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the JIuseum of Natural History, in New York City. He was appointed landscape architect to the Department of Parks of New York, and also a member of the con- solidation inquiry eonnnission for the Greater New York. It was largely owing to his efforts that the Central Park territory was preserved intact and developed in accordance with the original landscape designs. In his professional work he displayed an original artistic faculty, and as a municipal ofTieial he a.s very active. He published Villas and Cottages (1857; 2d ed. 1864). VAUX,. RicnABD (1816-95). An American lawyer and politician, born in Philadelphia. He was admitted to the bar in 1836; was later sec- retary of the American legations at London and Brussels; member of Congress 1890-92; but he is best known as a penologist, contributing largely to the literature on the subject. Among other things he wrote on that subject: Brief Sketch of the Origin and Flistorif of the State Penitentiary for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (1872) ; Jnsideout, or Present Prison Systems and Their Effects on Society and the Criminal (1888) ; The State and the Prison (1886). VAUX, Thomas (1510-56). An English poet, second Baron Vaux of Harrowden. Northampton- shire, eldest son of Nicholas Vaux, the first Baron Vaux (d.l523). Apparently he was edu- cated at Cambridge. At the age of seventeen he accompanied Cardinal Wolsey to France (1527), and was with the King at Calais and Boulogne (1532). He was made a kniglit of the Bath at the coronation of Anne Bolcyn (1533), and was for a short time captain of the island of Jersey (1533-36). His extant lyrics, ntimbering at least fifteen, were contributed to Tottcl's Miscellany (1557) and to The Paradise of Dainty Devices (1576). Consult Fuller Worthies' Library Miscellanies, ed. by A. B, Grosart (vol. iv., Edin- burgh and London, 1872). VAUX, William Sandys Wriciit (181885). An Knglisli antiquary and mimismatist. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, in 1841, ob- tained a post in the department of antiquities of the British Museum, and from 1861 until his resignation in 1870 was keeper of coins and medals. During 1871-76 he catalogued the coins of the Bodleian Library at Oxford. He was par- ticularly expert in Oriental antiquities, and be- sides an edition for the Hakluyt Society (1854) of The World Encompassed by Sir F. Drake, pub- lished Nineveh and Persepolis (1850; 4th ed. 1855), which presented in popular form the dis- coveries of Layard and others; and, luider the general title, Ancient History from the llonu- tnents, the two volumes, Persia from- the Earliest Period to the Arab Conquest (1875; a new ed., by Sayce. 1803), and Greek Cities and Islands of Asia Minor. VAUXHALL ( vaks'hal ) GARDENS. A for- mer place of public amusement, on the oit- skirts of London, on the Thames above Lambeth. It was laid out in 1661, and was originally called the 'New Spring Gardens at Foxhall.' At first a scene for fashionable pleasure, it became more and more a place of bank-holiday carousal and w^as finally closed in 1859, the area being now quite covered by modern dwellings. The gardens are vividly described by Addison, Smollett, and Thackeray. VAYU, va'yoo. or VAT A, vti'ta (Skt. wind). A deified personification of the wind in the Vedic mythology of the Hindus. Both these names are applied to the wind, but Vayu is rather the divinity and Vata the element. In epic and Puranic mythology Vayu occupies only an inferior position. Legend assigns to him a wife Anjana, and their child is the monkey-god Hamiman (q.v.). In the Avesta (q.v.) Vayu is also a name of the genius of the air. Con- sult: Macdonell, Vedic Mythology (Strassburg, 1897) ; Wilkins, Hindu Mythology (2d ed., Lon- don. 1000). VECCHIETTA, vek'e-et'ta, II. The name sometimes applied to the Italian painter Lorenzo di Pietro (q.v.) . VECELLI, vi-chel'le, TiziANO. See Titian. VECTOR (Lat. lyector, one who carries or con- veys, from vehere, to carry, convey). A vector quantity is such a physical quantity as has the properties of a straight line of >a definite length and in a definite direction. Linear displacement, linear velocity, linear momentum, linear ac- celeration, and force acting on a particle are illustrations. Vector quantities of the same kind can be added geometrically, as straight lines are added, by connecting the ends of a broken line made by joining the lines, keeping them parallel to thenisclvea. and adding them in such a man- ner that their directions indicate a continuous addition. Thus, in Fig. A the vectors 12. 34, 56, may be added as shown, bringing 3 to coincide
