ZWINGLI. 807 ZYGOPHYLLACEJE. inulas derived from the Fathers attracted the widest interest. Again he succeeded in driving out the I'apal indulgence agent, and such was the dependence of the Papacy on the men of Switzerhind for its troops that the Pope especial- ly authorized them to send the oll'ender back to Ital.v and did not attempt to renew this form of exaction in the cantons. Thus supported by the temporal authorities, Zwingli was enabled to continue his studies and to enlarge the circle of his connections in such ways as would best con- tribute to the advance of the ideas of the Reform. No thought of a permanent separation from Rome seems to have occurred to him as yet, but his language in regard tw the Papal power and the usages of the Church became increasingly liberal. An exhortation to support the position of Luther, written in 1520, is probably his work, and may be regarded as the first open declaration of hostility to Rome. Instead of laj'ing down certain general principles and bringing the issue directly on these, Zwingli began to suggest definite measures of reform, speaking of the diminution of tithes, the revision of the breviary, the folly of fasts, the evils of image-worship, and above all the right and duty of the priests to marry openl}', rather than to live, as he frank- ly confessed he was himself doing, in secret con- cubinage. The Swiss Diet was slow to accept these suggestions, but they commended them- selves at once to the great body of the people, and this approval was soon reflected in the action of the cantonal and general governments. Zwingli was easily the leader of the nation in religious mat- ters, but he found himself warmly supported by the strongest elements among the men of learn- ing everywhere except in the original Forest Cantons, where the devotion to the ancient faith and to the political practices that went with it remained practically unshaken. As a theologian Zwingli did not make any pre- tense to special originality. He believed himself to be in substantial agreement with Luther, and accepted heartily the efforts of Philip of Hesse and others to bring about an efl'ective alliance of the t^■o movements. L^nfortunately for this re- sult, Luther had convinced himself that the Swiss were moving along the line which had led al- ready to the social upheaval in Germany and to the extravagances of the Anabaptist Party. The famous conference at jMarburg in 1.52!1 bcteen the leading theologians of the German and the Swiss parties failed, because, on the test ques- tion of the Eucharist, Luther refused to make any admission which might have seemed to com- mit him to a spiritual or figurative interpreta- tion of the doctrine of the sacraments. Zwingli was not afraid to trust the common sense of men to make a soiuid use of their right of inter]ircta- fion. so long as they should admit the supreme authority of Scripture. Moreover, he did not dread, as Luther did, the formation of alliances to strengthen the position of the reformed faith. He saw Switzerland surrounded by eager enemies who were doing all they could to foment the dissent between the Catholic Forest Cantons and the other members of the Confederation, ami he felt that these two objects, the integrity of the Confederation and the reform of religion, must go hand in hand. It was on this account that, man of peace as he was, he threw himself with all his energy into the internal quarrel. Zurich became the active agent of the Confederation in eondiating the Forest Cantons, aiul Zwingli took the side of the war party. Twice, in l.')2U and in 1.531, bloody encounters ensued, the lirst time to the advantage of the Confederation, but the second time to their total defeat. Zwingli had sujiportcd his principles by his action and had gone into the campaign of Kapjiel (q.v. ) as a fighting chaplain. His death on the field of battle, October 11, 15.31, was the logical outcome of liis teaching and was the seal of the permanent religious cleavage between the Catholic and the Protestant cantons. The Life of Zwingli was written shortly after his death by his friend and associate, Myconius (cd. Xeander, in Vitw Quatuor Refornialortiin, 1841). His complete works were published by Scliuler and Schulthess (Zurich, 182,S-fil) ; a new edition is in progress. Consult the modern lives by Christotfel ( Elberfeld, 1857); Jliirikofer (Leipzig, 181)7-09); Stiihelin (Basel, 18!)o-97); .liiekson (Xew York, 1901); Simpson (ib., 1902) ; also Thomas, Das Erkennlnisprincip bei Zwingli (Leipzig, 1902) ; Baur, Zwinglis The- olof/ie (Halle, 1885-89); Finsler, ZwinyU-Bihlio- (jraiiliii I Zurich, 1897). ZWIRNEB, tsver'ner, Erxst Friedrich (1SU2-U1). A German architect, born at Jakobs- walde, Silesia, and educated at Breslau and Ber- lin. Intrusted in 1833 with the superintendence of the restoration of Cologne Cathedral, he sub- mitted to King Frederick William IV., in 1841, a project for completing the structure, which was approved of and afterwards carried to the en-fl by Richard Voigtel (1829-1902). Among other edifices erected by this thorough master of the Gothic style may be mentioned the Apollinaris- kirclie atRemagen on the Rhine (1839-53), the castle of the Prince of Furstenberg in Herdringen, Castle Argenfels on the Rhine. Castle Movland near Cleves, churches in Elberfeld and iliilheim, and the synagogue at Cologne (1859-01). ZWOLLE, zvol'le. The capital of the Prov- ince of ( iveryssel, Netherlands, on the Zwarte Water, 5.3 miles east-northeast of Amsterdam (Map: Netherlands, E 2). Its most notable structures are the Gothic Saint Jlich.iel's Church ( 1400), with a famous organ, and the town hall. The town is an important centre of railway and canal trade, with manufactures of iron and cot- ton. Population, in 1899, 30,500. The neighbor- ing monastery of Agnetenberg was for si.xty-four years the residence of Thomas a Jvempis (q.v.). Zwolle was an important Hanseatic town and joined the LTnited Provinces in 1580. ZYGOPHYLLA'CE^ (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Zifunplnilltim. from Gk. ^v-il>v,zygon, yoke -- fpiWov, phi/llon. leaf) . A natural order of dicoty- ledonous plants, containing about 150 known herbs, shrubs, and trees, chiefly natives of sub- tropical countries. The most important genus is Guaiacum (q.v.). The abundance of species of Zyaophyllum and some other genera consti- tutes one of the most striking features of North African and Arabian deserts. The flowers qf Zygophyllum Fabago are employed as a substi- tute for capers, under the name of bean-capers. The best known representative of this order in the United States is the creosote bush, common from Texas to California.
