SLAVIC LANGUAGES, 234: SLAVIC LANGUAGES. tive: OChurch Slav, popu, Russ. vo-oiiyu, 'with one's two eyes,' Serb ociju, nsiju, 'with one's two ears' (used as genitive pluralj ; dative, instrumental : OChurch Slav, popoma. Little Russ. odima, Slov. popoma. Plural: Nomina- tive, vocative: OChurch Slav, popi, Russ. popy, for the rest popi; genitive: OChurch Slav, popii, Russ. popov, Pol. popoir, Czech, popnv, Serb popa, Slov. popov; dative: OChurch Slav, popomu, Russ. popain, Pol. popom, Czech, popum, Serb popiina, Slov. popom; accusative: OChurch Slav, pop, popy, Russ. popov, Pol. popow, Czech. popy, Serb, Slov. pope; instrumental: OChurch Slav, popy, Russ., Pol. popami, Czech, popy, Serb popima, Slov. popi; locative: OChurch Slav. popSchu, Russ., Pol. popach, Czech, popich, po-pech, Serb popima, Slov. popih. With the phonetic laws given above it is easy to see the cori-espondence of the Slavic with the Indo-Germanic inflections. Singular: Nominative: vran-u, 'raven,' Skt. vrka-s, 'wolf,' Lat. lup-us, Gk. Xiix-os ; ablative (coinciding with the genitive in Slavic) : vraii-a, ■vrk-dt, lup-6(d) ; accusative: vran-u, vrk-am, lup-um, vK-ov; vocative: vran-e, vrk-a, lup-e, XuK-e ; locative: vran-e, vrk-e, Corinth-oi (-j), 'at Corinth,' otx-oi, 'at home.' Dual : Nominative, accusative, vocative: vrana-a, rrk-S {-aii) , du-o, 'two,' iK-u. Plural: Nominative, vocative: vran-i, lup-i, XiJ/t-ot ; genitive: vran-u, vrk-am (-ayiam). div-6m, iK-av ; locative; vran-echii, vrk-esu, ijK-OL(rt. In conjugation the Slavic verb is well exempli- fied in the Old Church Slavic. (See Old Church Slavic Language and Literatube.) The fol- lowing table will make clear the relations of the Slavic languages in this regard, both to each other and to Sanskrit and Greek: Slav. }iicUoze ne bysti, 'nothing happened;' Russ. 7iikto ne znayet, 'no one knows;' Bulg. tija pari ne sa ni na tebe, 'that money is not thine;' vSerb nitko ne smje, 'no one hears;' Czech, nycz gemu ne odpouyedye, 'he answers him not;' Polish nic nie icidzem, 'I see nothing.' Another feature is the use of the genitive instead of the accusative after transitive verbs with a nega- tive: OChurch Slav, ne datu jesi kozligte, 'thou didst not give a lamb;' Russ. ne imeyu knigi, 'I have no book;' Serb glasa ne izdvignu, 'he did not send forth his voice.' This is carried even to the subject of the negative auxiliary verb when equivalent to the English, 'there is' or 'there are:' Serb « mene vise nema blaga, 'there is no greater good for me.' Another peculiarity is the complete substitution of the genitive for the accusative in nouns denoting animate beings in the singular and plural masculine, but only in the plural feminine: OChurch Slav. ostavllia korahll i otica svojego, 'leaving the ship and their father;' Russ. viiu brata i scs- tru, 'I see a brother and sister;' but: vizu bratev i sester, 'I see brothers and sisters;' Serb imam majku i brata, 'I have a mother and brother.' The possessive pronoun of the third person has usurped the functions of the other two when referring to the subject, in Russian invariably, in Old Church Slavic usually: OChurch Slav. idi vu domu svoj'i, "go unto thine house;' pomaii glav(j- svoja i lice tvoje umyji, 'anoint thy head and wash thy face:' Russ. Ya (ty) vidclii svoye- go brata, 'I saw (thou sawest) my (thy) brother.' In other respects the Slavic languages of the ancient period were obviously influenced by the syntax of their Greek originals, while at present the same is true to a certain extent re- garding the influence of the modern languages. No. Per- 60 n Skt. Gk. 0. Church, Slav. Russ. Pol. Czech. Serb Bulg. Slov. a 1 a 1 2 3 as-mi bbarami asi bbarasi asti bbarati <f>4pu> (Syracusan) 4>4peis i<TTl jesml bera, Jesi hereSi iesti beretl jesml beru jesi beresi yestl beretQ jesm (old) JeStem(new) here jes(old) . jeBteS(new) beriesz jest berie som berem si beres jest, je here (je)sam berem Ue)si beret ie(Bt) bere stSm bera si der^a a)e ber« s^m bSrem si beres ie(et) bere 1 2 3 svas bharavas sthas bharathaB etas bharatas jesvS berev? jeeta bereta jesta.-e bereta,-e
►J jeswa (old) jesta (old) jesta (old) -.3 9}
w
sva. sv$ ber«va ■3 a iar&v <t>{perov itrriv <p4peT0v eta. 9t<^ berSta eta. ste bereta 1 1 2 3 smas bharamas stba bharatha santi bharanti (Doric) ((>4pofifs (Koric) iari (p^pcTe iyrl (Doric) <p4pOVTL (Doric) jesmii beremQ jeste berete sati berati yesmy berem yeete berete suti berut je8my(oId) jesteSmy (new) beriemy iesci^(old) jeStescie (new) beriecie sa bera sme bereme ete berete sfl, sa, jesfi berfl (]e)smo beremo ae)ste berete (ie)8U beru swe ber^m 8te berate aa ber^t auid bertmo StS bergte 80 ber6 In the syntax perhaps the most striking fea- ture is the use of double negatives: OChurch Consult: jMiklosich, TergJeiehende Grammatik der slmcischen Sprachen (Vienna, 1852-75; vols.
