SMITH. 265 SMITHSON. tive Religions of the Semitic Peoples Vie^-d in Kelation to Other Ancient Religions and to the Spiritual Religion of the Old Testament and Christianity." The lirst series only was pub- lished under the title, The TtrViijiun of the Semites; Fundamental Institutions (1889; 2d ed. 1894). SMITH, Sir Yii.li.m Sidney (17G41840). An Kngli.sh admiral, born at Westminster. From 1790 to 1792 he aided the King of Sweden in the war with Russia and was knighted by Gustavus III. for his services. In 1793 he assisted Lord Hood at Toulon, and during 1795-90 was active in freeing the Channel of French pri- vateers. He was taken while attempting a daring capture in the harbor of Havre and was imprisoned for two years, when he escaped. In 1798 he was made plenipotentiary to Constanti- nople, and in 1799, from Jlarch till ilay, made the famous defense of Saint Jean d'Acre against Bonaparte, which earned for him a permanent place among English naval commanders and drew from Parliament a vote of thanks and an annuity of £1000. His customary vanity was rendered nnrestrainable by these tokens of enthusiasm, and, usurping the prerogatives of commander-in- chief, he concluded the untenable Treaty of El- Arish (January 24. 1800), which caused a re- newal of the war. In 1805 he was made a rear- admiral and was active during the next few months in guarding Xaples and Sicily, capturing the island of Capri and relieving Gaeta. Con- sult: Barrow, Life of Sir W. S. Smith (1848) ; JIahan. Influenee of Sea Power upon the French lieviAiition and Empire (1892). SMITH, WiLUAM SooY (18.30—). An Ameri- can engineer. He was educated at the Ohio State University (1849) and West Point (1853). After serving in the artillery he resigned from the United States Army in 1854, and became a civil engineer. In 1857 he made surveys for the first international bridge across the Niagara River. Subsequently he was connected with the Trenton Locomotive Works, but resigned in 1861 to reenter the United States Army., He became brigadier-general ot volunteers, serving in the Vicksburg campaign under Grant, and later in the Department of Tennessee under Sherman^ but in 1864 was compelled to resign in conse- quence of illness. He returned to his profession, settling in Chicago, and in 1865 became actively engaged as engineer for various bridge and tun- nel constructions, including the bridge across the Missouri River at Glasgow, Mo., and the Hudson River tunnel at New York. General Smith made many notable improvements in pneumatic proc- esses for sinking foundations, and in methods of construction of high buildings. SMITH COLLEGE. An institution for the higlier education of women at yorthanipton, Mass., chartered in 1871 and opened in 1875. The college was founded by Miss Sopliia Smith (q.v. ), of Hatfield, who bequeathed for this ])ur- pose the bulk of her estate. The undergraduate course is partially elective. All undergraduate courses lead to the degree of bachelor of arts (after 1904) . The degree of master of arts is con- ferred on graduates of at least two .years' stand- ing, who have spent a year in advanced study at the college, and on graduates of three years' stand- ing wlio by printed essavs or other proofs of scholarly work give evidence of at least one year spent in advance study. A number of annual scliolarsliips in the various departments provide incomes of .$50 to .$250 for needy students. Two tables at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, ilass,, are maintained by the col- lege, which also contributes to the support of a table at the zoological station at Naples, and to the classical schools at Athens and Rome. The college buildings, centrally located in the town, include College Hall, containing the offices of administration; Seelye Hall, with 20 recitation rooms anil a liljrarv; Lillv Hall of Science: Chem- istry Hall, in part the gift of the class of 1895; a well-equipped observatory ; Music Hall ; the Hillver Art Gallery, containing extensive col- lections, with an endowment of $50,000 for their increase: the Alumnie (gymnasium, and the Ly- man Plant House, which with the botanic gardens furnishes material for laboratory work and opportunity for special investigations. Home life is provided for the students in 13 dwelling houses, jjresided over by a college offi- cer. In connection with many of the depart- ments clubs are organized under the joint man- agement of teachers and students, for advanced or special work. In 1903 the student enroll- ment was 1015, and the faculty numbered 90. The endowment was $1,100,000, the grounds and buildings were valued at $1,149,000, and the in- come was $308,000. SMITH'FIELD. or SMOOTHFIELD. An historic cattle market in London, mentioned as earlv as 1150. and since 1868 the seat of the Central Meat Market, covering 3Vi acres. In the twelfth centurv Smoothfield was an open spot, which served the citizens as a pla.yground and promenade. It was outside the city walls. Here Wat Tyler met his death in 1381. and the place is associated with trials by battle, tournaments, the burning of mart.yrs, public executions during many centuries, and a variety of incidents con- nected with the history of the metropolis. The most celebrated fair in England, Bartholomew Fair (q.v.). was always held in Smithfield. SMITHS FALLS. A town of Lanark, Leeds, and Grenville counties. Ontario, Canada, 39 miles southwest of Ottawa. It has some manu- factures (Map: Ontario. G 3). Population, in 1891, 3864; in 1901, 5155. SMITH'SON, .James (176.5-1829). Founder of the Smitlisonian Institution at Washington, known in early life as .Tames Lewis or Louis JIacie. He was born in France, the natural son of Hugh Smithson, first Duke of Northumber- land, and of Mrs. Elizabeth Keate Jlaeie, a mem- ber of the Hungerford family of Stndley. Smith- son ( or Macie as he was called ) was a student at Pembroke, where he received the degree of M.A. in May. 1786, and he was admitted as a fellow of the Royal Society on April 26, 1787. His scientific work lay in the main in the fields of chemistry and mineralogy, and be read 28 papers before the Royal Society, wbile he pub- lished 18 in Thomson's Annals of Philosophi/. He left in addition a considerable number of unpublished manuscripts and a collection of some 8000 or 10,000 minerals, which were de- stroyed by fire in the Smithsonian Building in 1865. Smithson passed a large part of his life on the Continent, and died in Genoa. Italv, where lie was buried in the Knglish cemetery. His remains were removed to the United States
