SPAIN. 394 SPALATO. miership being intrusted to Sagasta. On May 17, 1886, Christina gave birth to a son, who be- came King as Alfonso XiU. Sagasta governed with vigor, enorgeticallj' repressing military up- risings, and brought about the enactment of a measure providing for universal suffrage. A Conservative Ministry under Canovas del Castillo was in office from July, 1890, to December, 1892. The succeeding Liberal Ministry under Sagasta was unpopular because of its attempt to apply needed economies and its severe meas- ures to repress anarchism, which had become rampant in Catalonia. In 1895, when a new revolt broke out in Cuba, the Conservatives returned to power under Canovas del Castillo. The army of- ficers were dissatisfied with the growth of the civil power and restive under the criticism of an increasing!.y independent press. Premier Canovas del Castillo was assassinated in 1897, and Sagasta took his place at the helm, in time to face the problems of a war which was already imminent. The Cuban revolt, which consumed the flower of the Spanish army, and in the effort to suppress which the most cruel military meas- ures were instituted, produced complications which led in 1898 to a conflict with the United States. (See Cuba; Spanish-American War; United States.) This unequal struggle was brought to a close by a treaty of peace negotiated at Paris, December 10, 1898, by which Spain re- linquished her sovereignty in Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippine Islands. Later the Caroline, Pelew. and Ladrone Islands were sold to Germany. The military party under Weyler (q.v.) made the peace treaty an issue, and forced Sagasta out of office. A Conservative ilin- istry headed by Silvela came in but resigned in October, 1900, and a reconstruction was ef- fected under General Azcarraga on distinctly military lines. A congress of the Spanish-Ameri- can States was held in Madrid in November, 1900, at the instance of the Sociedad Union Ibero-Americana, for the purpose of establish- ing more cordial relations with these offshoots of the older Spain. Anti-clerical disturbances in 1901 pointed to a growing spirit of liberalism and independence. A new government was organ- ized under Sagasta, March 6. 1901, and adopted a stern attitude toward the religious Orders. King Alfonso XIII. came of age Ma.v 17, 1902, and the regency was terminated. For several months Sagasta retained office with great reluc- tance, and on December 6, 1902, the Ministry retired and an entirely new Cabinet was consti- tuted by Silvela. General Bibliography. Reclus, Q4ograpMe universelle, vol. i. (Paris, 1879) ; Foresta, La Spaftna dia Irun a Malnqa- (Bologna, 1879) ; Eschenauer, L'Espnpne (Paris, 1884); Mariana y Sanz, Diccionario geoflrtificn. estadistico muni- cipnl de Esp(uia (Valencia, 188(i) ; Lawson, Spain of To-day (London, 1890); Castillo, Oran dic- cionario geogrdfico. estadistico ^ histdrico de Espaiia (Barcelona, 1889-92); WalHs, Spain, Her Institutions, Politics, and Public Men (Balti- more, 1896) ; Root, Spain and Its Colonics (Lon- don, 1898) ; Plummer, Contemporary Spain (ib., 1899). Travel: Description. Hay, Castilian Days (Boston, 1882) ; F. Hopkinson Smith. Well- 'Worn Roads of Spain, Holland, and Italy (Boston, 1886); Finck, Spain and Morocco: Studies in Local Color (New York, 1801); de Aniicis, Spain and the Spaniards, trans. (New York. 1892): Hare, Wanderings in Spain (0th pil., London. 1892) ; Wood, The Romance of Spain (London, 1900) ; Bates, Sjianish Highicays and Bi/irays (ib., 1900); Higgin, Spanish Life in Town and Country (New York, 1903) ; and for the people. Rose, Untrodden Spain and Her BlacI: Country (ib., 1875) ; id.. Among the Spanish People (ib., 1877). Con.sult also for economies, government, etc., Carey, Constitutional Government in Spain (New York, 1889) ; Seignobos. Histoire politique de I'Europe contemporainr (Paris, 1897); Zimmer- man, Die KolonialpoUtik Portugals und Spanicns (Berlin. 1896); Diercks, Spanicn. Kulturge- schirhtliche und tmrtschaftspolitische Betrach- tniigen (ib., 1901); and for flora and fauna, Chai)man and Buck, ll'i/rf Spain (London, 1893) ; Colmeiro, EnumcraciOn de las plantas de la penin- sula his])ano-lusitana 6 Islas Baleares (Madrid, 1885-89) ; Willkomm, Grundziige der Pflanzenver- breitung auf der iberischen Halbinsel (Leipzig, 1896). For history: Lafuente, Historia general de Espaila, 28 vols., extends to the death of King Ferdinand VII.; Dunham, The History of Spain and Portugal (London, 1832), covers the field down to the French Revolution. Other gen- eral histories are Burke, History of Spain (2(1 ed. by Hvune, New York, 1900) ; and Lembke and Schtifer, Geschichte von Spanicn (Hamburg, 1831-61). Works on special periods are: Monnn- sen, Provinces of the Roman Empire (Eng. trans.. New York, 1887) ; Lane-Poole, Story of the Moors in Spain (ib., 1891); Watts, The Christian Recovery of Spain (ib.. 1894) ; Irving, The Conquest of Granada (manj' editions) ; Pres- cott, History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella; id.. History of the Reign of Philip II.: Coxe, Memoirs of the Kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon from the Accession of Philip V. to the Death of Charles III. (London, 1815) : Baumgarten, Geschichte Spaniens vom Ausbruch der franzosischen Revolution bis auf unsere Tage (Leipzig. 1860-71); Hume, History of Modern Spain 1~SS-1S9S (London, 1899). SPALATIN, spil'hi-ten'. Georo Burckharot (1484-1545). A German reformer and friend of Luther. He was born at Spalt, near Nuremberg, and studied law and theology at Erfurt and Wit- tenberg. In 1508 he was ordained priest. He liecame one of the trusted advisers of the Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony. He continued to enjoy Court favor after the death of Frederick, and was made Canon of Altenburg in 1525. He wrote biographies of the electors Frederick the Wise (ed. by Neudecker and Prcller, Weimar, 1851) and .lohn the Constant. Christhehe Re- ligionshdndel or Religionssachen (extracts from which were pulilished as .innales Reformationis by Cyprian, Leipzig. 1818), and a history of popes and emperors of the Reformation period. Many of his manuscripts are still unpublished. Consult Seelheim, Georg Spnlatin als scichsischer Historiograph (Halle, 1876). SPALATO, spii'la-to. A seaport of Dalmatia, charminglv situated on a peninsula in the Adri- atic Sea. 74 miles southeast of Zara (Map: Austria, E 5). High mountains lie to the north
