SPINNING. 401 SPINNING. delivered to the bohhin, C, by the presscr-foot. The revolviiifi of the tlyer puts the twist into the strand of niviiij;, while the difference in speed be- tween the flyer and the surface of the bobbin winds the roving on the latter. The fine fniine is a similar frame to the above, and delivers the roving finer and more even than any of the preceding machines and ready for the sjiiniiinfi frame (Fig. 6). The roving may be doubled or run singly on the spinning frame, the rolls produce the drawing effect as on the pre- ceding machines, and the revolution of bobbin and spindle puts in the twist. The bobbin A is fast an the spindle B, and draws the yarn through the traveler, a small wire loop attached Drawing-rolls Traveller.^ Ring^rail... Bobbin A"' Spindle B;; Whorl e" Endless Cotton-band ^ V, .^ S:. Fig. C. section of bpinninq frame. to and movable on the spinning ring, which sur- rounds each spindle. The spindles are made to revolve by an endless cotton band, which passes around the tvhorl of the spindle and is driven by the cglinder D. The production of the spinning frame is technically 'frame-spun yarn,' either Cree Fallens Fig. 7. section op spinxixg mule. warp or filling. This is wound on the bobbins by the moving up and down of the ring rail, which holds the spinning rings with the travelers, the pull or drag of the travelers winding the yarn on the bobbin. Mule-spun yarn is produced by spinning the roving on a mule (Fig. 7), the roving coming from the fine frames as for frame-spun yarns, but the drawing and twisting being accomplished in a different manner. On the s|>iiiMing frame the roving is drawn, twisted, and wound con- tinuously, while on the mule it is drawn out while the twist is being put in and is spvin in- termittently, and then wound on bobbins or cops intermittently. The roving is placed in a creel and passed through the drawing rolls, as on the spin- ning frame, and carried to the sjiindlrs. which, instead of being in a stationary rail, are mounted in a carriage, which runs away from and back to the rolls alternately, traveling about .) feet each way. As fast as the rolls deliver the roving the carriage and spindles recede from the roll stand and the spindles revolving twist the yarn over the top of the spindles, where it is held by the fallers. In some cases the carriage travels several inches more than the delivery of the front roll and causes additional drawing. The movement out of the carriage is called stretch, and at the end of each stretch the rolls are stopped automatically, the required twist being completed, the spindles are stopped and reversed in motion, while the fallers guide the spun yarn away from the top of the spindle and wind it on the cop or bobbin, the carriage approaching the rolls again, after which the same movements are repeated continuously. The spinning frames are arranged with an average of 104 spindles to a side cf about 27 feet in length, but this number varies according to the gauge or distance be- tween centres of spindles. The mules, not hav- ing spinning rings, admit of the spindles being nearly twice as near together, the average num- ber per mule being 480, though some are built much larger. In a general way the spinning of other textile fil>rc3 is the same as for cotton, the desire being to reduce the strands and to make them of uni- form diameter throughout their entire length and to give theni the requisite amount of twist. A'oolen yarn is spun on a mule as described for spinning cotton, except that the carded roving conies to the mule in a different shajie, being carded differently and without twist until spun on the mule. Worsted and some cotton yarns are produced by a combing ojieration which is a special tlrairing process, the cotton being afterwards worked on the roving frames, wliile worsted is spun on a frame not unlike the roving frame, the twist being put in by flyers, as the twist in the cotton roving. For the spinning of silk and other fibres, see special articles on those fibres. BiBLiooR.^PHT. Consult: Posselt, Structure of Fibres^ Yarns, and Fn;<i-;cs( Philadelphia, 1890) ; Byrn, Pro<iress of Invention in the Nine- teenth Century (Xew York, 1000) ; and the preliminary chapter in Ash- enhurst, Weaving and Designing of Textile Fabrics (Bradford. Eng,, 1887). More technical in treatment are the two books by Thomas Thornley, Draic Frames and Fly Frames, and ftelf-Aciing ilules (Lon- don, 1808). See Loom; We.wing; Te.xtile ^Ianufacturing.
