STANHOPE. 497 STANLEY. vols., London, 1845) ; id., The iSeven Years' Trav- els of Lady Hester ISlunhope (ib., 184lij. STANHOPE, J.^iiEs, Earl ( 1673-17-21 ) . An English sokliur born in Paris and eJuc-ated at 0,K- ford. He took a pi-ouiinent part in the siege of i!ar- celona iu 170.5, and in 170(j was appointed Minis- ter to Spain. In 1708, under Eugene's orders, he captured Port Malion, and in 1710 saw the final success of his policy of oft'ensive action in the victories of Almenara and JSaragossa. But at the close of the year, separated from his allies and surprised by the swift approach of the Bourbon army under VendOme, after a brief defense he surrendered at Brihuega. Upon his return to England (1712) he entered politics; became Secretary of State for the Southern Uepartnient in 1714; and, after being Cliancellor of the Ex- chequer, was again Secretary of State. His for- eign policy was vigorous and excellent, especially in the formation of the Quadruple Alliance in 1718. STANHOPE, Philip Dormer. An English statesman and letter-writer, fourth Earl of Ches- terfield (q.v.). STANHOPE, Philip Henet, Earl (1805-75). An English historian, born at Walmer. To his efforts are largely due the National Portrait Gal- lery, the Historical Manuscript Connnission, and the copyright law. Though not a great historian, as Macaulay said, he was clear, concise, and ex- hibited "great diligence in examining authorities, great judgment in weighing testimony, and great impartiality in estimating characters." His most important works are : The ^ya■r of the Suc- cession in Spain; A History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles, 1713- nSS, in 7 vols. ; The History of England, Com- prising the Reign of Queen Anne, Until the Peace of Utrecht (4th ed. 1872). The two works last named are the most elaborate of his writings, but are perhaps not so valuable as his Life of the Right Hon. 11". Pitt. STANIMAKA, stii'ne-mii'ka. A town of Eastern Rumelia, 12 miles southeast of Philip- popolis (Jla]): Balkan Peninsula, E 3). It has a trade in wine. Population, in 1893, 13,089. STAN'ISLAS I. LESZCZYNSKI, lyesli- chin'y'ske (1677-1700). King of Poland from 1704 to 1709, and again in 1733. He was born at Lemberg, Galicia, of one of the greatest among the old Polish noble families. He was Palatine of Posen at the time of the war lietween Augustus II. (q.v.) of Saxony and Poland and Charles XII. (q.v.) of Sweden, which cost Augustus the Poli.sh throne, and conducted negotiations be- tween them in such a manner as to win the re- gard of the Swedish King, who secured the elec- tion of Stanislas to the Polish throne in 1704. In 1709, when Charles XII. was crushed by Peter the Great in the battle of Poltava, Augustus recovered Poland. The property of King Stanis- las was confiscated and he joined Charles at Bender, in Bessarabia, He was Governor of Zweibriicken, in the Palatinate, from 1714 until the death of Charles XII.. when he took up his residence in Alsace. His daughter Maria be- came the wife of Louis XV. of France in 1725, and this alliance enabled Stanislas to obtain the election to the Polish throne on the death of Au- gustus II., in 1733. The latter's son. Augiistus III., was, however, installed with the support of a Russian army. The War of the Polish Suc- cession ensued, and by the preliminary treaty of Vienna, in 1735, Augustus III. was recognized as King uf Poland. Stanislas retained his estates and received the duchies of Lorraine and Bar, which after his death were to fall to France, together with a ])eMsi()n of two million francs. He was also allowed to retain the title and dignity of King of Poland. He maintained a court at Lun6- ville and Nancy, encouraged letters, established institutions of learning, and earned the title le hienfaisant. He left four volumes, (Euvres du, philosoyhe hienfaisant (1707). STANISLAS IL AUGUSTUS (1732-98). The last King of independent Poland (1764-95). He was the son of Count .Stanislas Poniatowski (q.v.) and w-as born at Wolczyn. In 1752 he was elected to the Diet and afterwards was sent as a representative to the Russian Court. There he gained the favor of the future Catharine IL, who, after the death of Augustus III. of Poland (1763), successfully exerted her influence to bring about the election of Stanislas to the throne in September, 1764. He lacked the force of char- acter to impose submission on the turbulent nobles, and the anarchic condition of the country during his reign rendered its spoliation by Rus- sia, Austria, and Prussia easy. On the third and final partition of the kingdom, in 1795, he laid down his crow-n. See Poland. STANISLAU, st-in'is-lou (Pol. Stanislawow) . A town in the Ci'ownland of Galicia, Austria, on the Bistritza, 75 miles southeast of Lemberg (Map: Austria, J 2). There are railway con- struction shops, flour mills, d.ve works, and tan- neries. Population, in 1900, 29,628. STAN'LEY, Arthur Penrhtn (1815-81). An English scholar and divine. He was born at Alderley, of which his father (afterwards Bishop of Norwich) was rector. From 1829 to 1834 he was at Rugby, where he was profoundly im- pressed by the extraordinary influence of Dr. Arnold, then head master, which molded his whole life. His own position in the school was one of marked power, the im- pression of which is reiiroduced in Hughes's Tom Brown's School Days, though. Hughes and Stanley were not, as is frequently supposed, intimate friends at Rugby. He went up in 1834 to Balliol College, Oxford, where he achieved a brilliant reputation. In 1838 he was elected a fellow of Uni- versity College, was ordained deacon in 1829, and priest in 1843, and soon acquired a great in- fluence, taking a definite stand in favor of lati- tude and liberality in religious matters, defending both Ward and Hampden, as in later years he de- fended Jowett and Colenso. He was made Canon of Canterbury in 1851. regius professor of ec- clesiastical history and Canon of Christ Church in 1856, and Dean of Westminster in 1864. Here he assumed a commanding position, and used it, as the recognized leader of the Broad Church party in England, for widening the bounds of the national Church. His preaching was more ethical than doctrinal, and his intercourse with those outside the Church of England, whom he wel- comed to the Abbey and even to its pulpit, al- though it offended many strict churchmen, gained him a wide popularity. He accompanied the Prince of Wales (now King Edward VII.) on his tour through the East in 1862,- and was closely
