STANYHXTRST. 501 STAK. STANTHURST, Richaru (1547-1618). A translator of Vc-rgil, born in Dublin, Ireland. He was educated at Oxford. He contributed a "De- scription of Ireland" and a "History of Ireland" (during the reign of Henry VIII.) to Holinshed's Chronicles (1577). Two years later he passed over to tlie Continent never to return. At Ley- den he published his translation of the first four books of the .Ji:iieid into English hexameter verse (1582). The work is curious as an attempt to base English verse on quantity rather than on stress or accent. He thereafter devoted himself to histories and theological treatises in Latin prose. Having become a Roman Catholic, prob- ably not long after he had left England, Stany- hurst was appointed chaplain to Archduke Al- bert, the Spanish ruler of the Netherlands, and was involved in the intrigues against Elizabeth. He died at Brussels. Consult the reprint of the Traiiskition of Vergil, edited, with introduction, by Arber (London, "l895). STAFFER, stAp'far', Paul (1840—). A French essayist, born in Paris, where he was educated at the Bonaparte Lyceum. He was tutor in the family of Guizot. and afterwards obtained a position in the faculty of Grenoble as a professor of foreign literature. In the same capacity he went to Bordeau.x in 1883. Stapler's essays are remarkable for their clearness of style, perfection of finish, and accuracy of detail. Among his works are: Petite comcdie de la critique litfe- raire de Moliire selon les trois ecoles philosoph- iques (1866) ; Causeries gucrtiesiaiscs (1881) ; Shakespeare et l'antiquit6 ( 1883 ) ; Oothe et ses deux chefs-d'oeuvre classiqn-es (1881) ; Racine et Victor Hugo (1886) ; Rabelais, sa persomie, son g^nie. son os-uvre (1889) : Montaigne (1894) ; and La grande predication chretienne en France: Bossuet. Adolphe Monod (1898). STAPH'YLOCOC'CTJS. See Bacteria. STAPH'TLOTVIA (Neo-Lat.. from Gk. trTa^i)- Xwiio, defect of the eye within the cornea, from (TTa(pv-^, staphgle, bunch of grapes, swollen uvula ) . A term employed to signify a protrusion of one of the coats of the eye, chiefly of the sclera or cornea. Staphyloma of the sclera may be an- terior, equatorial, or posterior. Posterior staphy- loma usually results from choroiditis or is associ- ated with myopia. Ophthalmoscopic examination shows a crescentic white patch at the temporal side of the optic disk. Anterior and equatorial staphyloma, bulging of the sclera at its anterior or middle portion, are the result of increased intraocular tension, caused by inflammatory proc- esses. If the entire cornea is involved the staph- yloma is called total; if onl}' a portion pro- trude, it is spoken of as partial. STAPLE (AS. stapel, stapol, stapul, prop, post, OHG. stnffal, staphal, Ger. Staffcl. step, from AS. stapan, OHG. stephan. stnphon, to go, step; ultimately connected with Eng. stand). In England, a town officially designated by the Government as a market for sale and exportation. All towns were not staple towns. They were originally for the convenience of the tax collector, but their inhabitants appreciated the monopoly and jealously guarded their privileges. STAPLES, sta'p'lz. William Read (1798- 1868). An American jurist and historian, born in Providence, R. I. He graduated at Brown University in 1817, studied law, and in 1819 was admitted to the bar. He rose rapidly in his pro- fession, was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island from 1835 to 1854, and from 1854 to 1856 was Chief .Justice. He was an authority on Rhode Island history and published Annals of Providence to 18.i2 (1843) ; Documen- tary History of the Destruction of the Gusp4" (1845) ; Proceedings of the First General Assem- bly for the Incorporation of Providence Planta- tions in lGJi~ ( 1847 ) ; and Rhode Island Form- Book (1859). He edited vol. ii. of the Rhode Island Historical Society's Collections, and Sam- uel Gorton's tiimplicities' Defense Against Scren- Headed Policy (1835). STAPPEN, Fr. pron. sti'pUN', Ciiables Pierre van der (1843-^). A Belgian sculptor, born at Saint .Tosseten-Noode, near Brussels. He began his artistic training in lS(iO, under the painter Portaels, but afterwards formed an inde- pendent style in Paris under the influence of Rude, Mercie, and Carpeau.x. His first successful production, the bluntly naturalistic "Faun's Toilet" (1869, gold medal. Brussels), brought him the election to the Brussels Academy. It was followed by "The Sorceress" (1872) and the ".Man with the Sword" ( 1876. Brussels lluseum) . A sojourn of several j'ears in Italy, during which he studied Donatello and ilichelangelo, resulted in maturer works, of which a youthful "David" (Munich Academy) is the most remarkable. Upon his return to Brussels, in 1883, he was ap- pointed professor at the Academy, and thereafter ))roduced in rapid succession the allegorical group of "Instruction in Art" (Palais des Beaux- Arts), "Saint Michael Overcoming Satan" (Stair- case, Hotel de Ville), and the statue of "William the Silent" (Place du Petit Sablon). Gradually developing an individual style of his own, which eondiines severe and lofty conception with a wholly untrammeled naturalistic treatment, he aimed especially at a vigorous dramatic expres- sion. His most noteworthy creations of this kind include "The Wrestlers," "The City Builders." and the "Chimera Fountain" (Pare du Cinquante- naire, Brussels). He also fashioned numerous portrait busts of great vivacity, genre figures, al- legorical and realistic reliefs, designs for ^pergnes, candelabra, and various other objects of indus- trial art, and contributed actively to the revival of the chryselephantine statuary of Greek an- tiquity, recently inaugurated in Belgium. In 1898 he was appointed director of the Brussels .cademy. STAR (AS. steorra, OHG. sterro, .^terno. Ger. filcrn, Goth, stairno, star, connected with Lat. strllri, Gk. iffrfip, aster. Corn., Bret, steren. Arm. ast, Skt. iara, star. Av. stan, star, and possibly with Skt. star, to strew). One of those heavenly bodies which remain apparently im- movable with respect to one another. Hence they were early called fixed stars, a nanie which they still retain, although their perfect fixity has been completely disproved in numerous cases, and is no longer believed in regard to any. Twinkling or scintillation is another mark which distinguishes stars from planets. The first thing that strikes the observer is the apparent daily motions of the stars. The greater part appear to rise in the east, describe smaller or greater arcs in the heavens, and set in the west: while others describe complete circles around the pole of the heavens. These apparent motions arise
