SUCZAWA. 660 SUDAN. Tlie chief manufactures are linens, cottons, and fine leatlier goods; there are breweries, petro- leum refineries, and potteries. The population, in lOOOj was 10,946, of whom four-fifths were Germans. SUDAMINA. See Miliaria. SUDAN, sijo-dan', or SOUDAN. A term now designating the vast region in Northern Africa lying between the Atlantic and the Red Sea, and between the Sahara Desert, on the north, and the Gulf of Guinea and the watersheds between Lake Chad and the Congo and between the Nile and the Congo, on the south. The northern line is about latitude 18° N., the south- ern about 4° N. The Sudan has been known as the 'Black -Zone' — the home of the true negro race. The term is of somewhat confused signifi- cation both geographically and ethnically. Ex- cept Portuguese Guinea, Togo, and Kamerun, which belong to Germany, and the independent Liberia, all of the region of the Sudan is now virtually divided up between Great Britain and France. To Great Britain belong Gambia, Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast, Lagos, and Nigeria (both Northern and Southern) ; the government of the Egyptian Sudan (q.v.) is shared by England and Egypt; and Darfur is within the British sphere of influence. LTnder French control are Sene- gal, French Guinea, the Ivory Coast, Dahomey, French Congo, Bagirmi. and Wadai. The French Sudan (q.v.) was formerly the name of the territory in Western Africa lying between longitude 12° Y. and Lake Chad and between the Sahara on the north and the coimtries (in- cluding Nigeria) along the north coast of the Gulf of Guinea. By the French decree of Oc- tober 17, 1899, this region — generally known as West Sudan — was divided up. The western por- tion fell to Senegal, French Guinea, the Ivory Coast, and Dahomey. The remainder was formed into the three militai'y territories of French Sudan (q.v.), the third of which reaches to Wadai on the extreme east. All the above French possessions, except French Congo, Ba- girmi, and Wadai, are under a French Gover- nor-General, whose seat is at Saint-Louis, Senegal. The third military territory above referred to connects on the southeast with French Congo, and thus forms the link uniting all the French possessions in Africa. This Gov- ernor-Generalship embraces also practically all of the Sahara (qv. ) in accordance with the French decree above named; for Great Britain has recognized the claims of France to all the region west of the Nile basin, thus embracing substantially all of the Sahara Desert (includ- ing the Libyan Desert ) . For particulars as to topography, climate, commerce, races, etc.. see articles on the differ- ent countries mentioned. Ethnology. Within this broadest belt of Africa lying south of the Sahara, the following races and peoples are to be discriminated: (1) Semites, consisting of Arabs, who under many names live in Kanem and Bornu about Lake Chad and eastward to Khartum and Kordofan. (2) Hamites, whose main divisions are the Tibus, in many subdivisions, about Lake Chad; the Tuaregs, within the Niger bend and on the left bank of the Senegal; and the Fulah, Futa-Toro, and Futa-.Jallon, scattered from Sene- gambia to Darfur and south to Adamawa. (3) Negroes, who are divided into several groups. The west coast Negroes, including the Wolof, Serer, Sarakole, Toucouleur, Man- dingo, Felup, and innumerable other tribes from the Senegal Kiver to Sierra Leone; the Sierra Leone Negroes, comprising the Temne family and a multitude of pagan tribes: the Liberian Negroes, or Colonials, Kru, and many pagan tribes; the Ivory Coast Negroes, from Cape Palmas eastward, akin to the Kru ; the Gold Coast Negroes, composed of the Tshi group, including the Fanti, Ashanti, and others, and the Ga groups, all pagans; the Slave Coast Negroes, making up the Ewe group, including the Dahomans (see D.A.1I0MEY), and tlie Yoruba group; Niger Basin Negroes, including the Bambarra, Sonrhay, and Hausa (see H.t.SA States) ; the Benue Negroes, composed of Moslem and pagan tribes in the region of the Benue River; the Lower Niger Negroes, or the Ibos (Niger delta), the Igbara (above the Benue confluence), and a nuiltitude of pagan and Moslem tribes; the Chad Basin Negroes, comprising the Kanuris, the Baghirmi, the Mosgu, and many thou- sands of others chiefly pagan and mixed with Semites and Hamites; the Wadai Negroes, including the Maba and many other tribes all of more or less mixed blood, with a large percentage of Moslems ; the Darfur and Kordofan Negroes, or Furs (Moslems), and Nuba (pagans); the Upper Nile Negroes, extending from Lake Victoria northward, and including the Madi, the Mittu, and a host of others, nearly all pagan; the Welle Negroes, comprising the jlombottu, the Momfu, the Niam Niam, the Akka, and a number of other tribes. History. The Egyttian Sudan. The Sudan has been apportioned by the events of the last few years into British and French spheres of influence. The Egj-ptian Sudan, now under British control, is practically coincident with the ancient Nubia (q.v.). It embraces the mod- ern Egv'ptian mudirias, or provinces, of Khar- tum, Dongola. Berber, Kassala, Sennar, and Kordofan; and the muhafzas, or administrative districts, of Wadi Haifa. Suakim. and Fashoda. (See Egyptian Sudan.) The Eastern .Sudan was brought under Egyptian control by ISIehemet Ali (q.v.) iii 1820-22 and so remained until in 1870 Ismail Pasha foun<l it necessary to ask for assistance in restor- ing the waning authority of the Khedival govern- ment in the interior. The Englishman Sir Samuel Baker was made CJovernor-General of the Su- danese provinces and began their reduction and the suppression of the slave trade. He estab- lished his capital at Gondokoro, which he re- named Ismailia. Supposing that his work was accomplished. Baker returned to England. After his departure the slave trade was immediately revived and the administration of the provinces was intrusted to Charles George Gordon (q.v.), who with an able stafl' began the organization and development of this rich but little known re- gion. Gordon continued his work in the face of all manner of discouragements and difficulties until bis recall in 1879 upon the deposition of Ismail, and, though Gordon's organization was continued under his successor, Rauf Pasha,
