THE COMPLEX SENTENCE.
§ 213. Principal and Dependent Clauses.—Complex sentences consist of a Principal clause and one or more Dependent clauses. The Complex Sentence may be regarded as a Simple Sentence modified by putting clauses in the place of single words.
The Dependent clauses are called Substantival, Adjectival, or Adverbial, according as the word which corresponds to them is a Substantive (Noun), Adjective, or Adverb.
The following are examples of the three kinds :
Substantival clause: quī rēgēs sunt cŏluntŭr those who are kings are courted.
Simple sentence: rēgēs cŏluntŭr kings are courted.
Adjectival clause: lŏcŭs quem sŭprā dixi hic est
this is the place which I mentioned above.
Simple sentence: lŏcŭs sŭprā dictus hīc est this is the above mentioned place.
Adverbial clause: vēnĭt ŭt prīmum illŭxĭt he came as soon as it was light.
Simple sentence: vēnĭt mānĕ he came in-the-early-morning.
The Dependent Clauses of a Complex Sentence are often called Dependent Sentences; and this word will also be employed in this Grammar.
§ 214. Substantival Clauses.—Substantival clauses or sentences are of five kinds:
(1) Sentences introduced by a Relative Pronoun : quī rēgēs sunt, cŏluntŭr those who are kings are courted.
(2) Sentences introduced by quŏd, meaning the fact that: quŏd spirŏ tŭum est the-f act-that I breathe {my breathing) is due-to-you.
