peculiarly fitted to it. All this sounds very convincing until
one tries to define the term “race.” Certain anthropologists
are trying, even now, to discover criteria which will scientifically
define the term "Negro.” One of the most distinguished of
these, Professor T. Wingate Todd, has been working steadily
for some years in the attempt, and the net results are certain
hypotheses which he himself calls tentative. The efforts of
numerous psychological testers to establish racial norms for
intelligence are vitiated by the two facts that first, as many of
them will admit, it is doubtful just what it is they are testing,
and, in the second place, that races are mixed. This is particularly true in the case of the Negroes; in New York City,
less than two percent of the group from whom I obtained
genealogical material claimed pure Negro ancestry, and while
this percentage is undoubtedly low, the fact remains that the
vast majority of Negroes in America are of mixed ancestry.
If ability to successfully live in one culture were restricted to persons of one race, how could we account for the fact that we see persons of the most diverse races living together, for example, in this country, quite as though they were naturally endowed with the ability to meet the problems of living here, while again we witness an entire alien people adopting our civilization, to use the Japanese again for illustration?
Our civilization is what it is because of certain historic events which occurred in the course of its development. So we can also say for the civilization of the African, of the Eskimo, of the Australian. And the people who lived in these civilizations like ourselves, view the things they do—as a result of living in them—not as inbred, but as inborn. To the Negro in Africa, it would be incomprehensible for a man to work at a machine all day for a few bits of paper to be given him at the end of his work-day, and in the same way, the white traveller stigmatizes the African as lazy because he will not see the necessity for entering on a gruelling forced march so as to reach a certain point in a given time. And when we turn to our civilization, we find that it has many culture-patterns, as we may term these methods of behavior. They are ingrained in us through long habituation, and their violation evokes a
