1 Al-Dawani 36 *Ali Al-Dawani, vide Dawam. 'Ali, (-/Jlisj^t j^jf son of Abu-Talib, was the cousin and son-in-law of Mubammad. He was bom 23 years before the Hijri, i. e., in tbe year 599 A. D., at the very temple itself. His mother's name was Fatima, daughter of Asad the son of Hashim. After the death of Muhammad, he was opposed in his attempts to suc- ceed the prophet by 'Usman and 'Umar, and retired into Arabia where his mild and enlarged interpretation of the Kuran, increased the number of his proselytes. After the death of 'Usman, the 3rd khalifa, he was acknow- ledged khali'fa by the Egyptians and Arabians in July, 655 A. D., but in less than 5 years after, he was compelled to resign that title, and Mu'awiya was proclaimed khalifa at Damascus. 'Ali was subsequently wounded by 'Abdur- Eahman ibn-Muljim in a mosque at Kufa, whilst engaged in his evening prayers, on Friday, the 22nd January, 661, A. D., 17th Eamazan, 40 A. H., and died four days after. 'All after the decease of his beloved Fatima, the daughter of the prophet, claimed the privilege of polygamy, and had 18 sons and 18 daughters. The most renowned of them are the two sons of Fatima, viz., Hasan and Husain, as also Muhammad Hanif, by another wife. Among the many surnames, or honorable titles bestowed upon 'Ali, are the following — Wasi' which signij&es " legatee and heir;" Murtaza, "beloved by God;" Asad-uUah-ul-Ghalib, " the victorious lion of God;" Haidar, a "lion;" Shah Mardan, "king of men;" Sher Khuda, "the lion of God." His memory is still held in the highest venera- tion by the Muhammadans, who say that he was the first that embraced their religion. They say, moreover, that Muhammad, talking of him, said, " 'Ali is for me and I am for him ; he stands to me in the same rank as Aaron did to Moses ; I am the town in which all knowledge is shut up, and he is the gate of it." However, these great eulo- gies did not hinder his name, and that of all his family, from being cursed, and their persons from being excom- municated through all the mosques of the empire of the khalifas of the house of Umayya, from Mu'awiya down to the time of 'Umar ibn-' Abdul-' Aziz, who suppressed the solemn malediction. There were besides several kha- lifas of the house of 'Abbas, who expressed a great aversion to 'Ali and all his posterity ; such as Mu'tazid and Mutawakkil. On the other hand, the Fatimite kha- lifas of Egypt caused his name to be added to that of Muhammad in the call to prayer, (azdnj which is chaunted from the turrets of the mosques. He is the first of the twelve Imams, eleven of whom were his des- cendants. Their names are as follows : 1. 'All, the son of Abti-Talib. 2. Imam Hasan, eldest son of 'Ali. 3. „ Husain, second son of 'All. 4. ,, Zain-ul-'Abidin, son of Husain. 5. „ Muhammad Bakir, son of Zain-ul-'Abidin. 6. „ Ja'far Sadik, son of Muhammad Bakir. 7. „ Musa Kazim, son of Ja'far Sadik. 8. „ Ali Musa Eaza, son of Miisa Kazim. 9. ,, Muhammad Takf, son of Musa Eaza. 10. „ 'All Naki, son of Muhammad Taki, 11. ,, Hasan 'Askari, son of 'Ali Naki. 12. „ Mahdi, son of Hasan 'Askarf. As to the place of Ali's burial^ authors differ ; but the most probable opinion is, that he was buried in that place which is now called Najaf Ashraf in Kufa, and this is visited by the Muhammadans as his tomb. The followers of 'Ali are called Shf as, which signifies sectaries or adherents in general, a term first used about the fourth century of the Hijra. 'All is reputed the author of several works in Arabic, particularly a collection of one hundred sentences (para- phrased in Persian by Eashid-uddi'n Watwat), and a Diwan of didactic poems, often read in Madrasahs. In mentioning All's name, the Shi' a use the phrase " 'alaihi as-salam," which is used after the names of pro- phets ; the Sunnis say, " karrama allahu wajhahu," ' may God honor his face.' 'Ali, i^J^ J-'.y.^ ^:}'. son of Ahmad bin-Abu- Bakr Kiiff, a resident of Uch and author of the history of Sindh in Arabic called " Tuhfat-ul-Kiram". This work was translated into Persian and called " Chach Nama", a translation of which was made in English by Lieutenant Postans and published in the Journal of the Asiatic So- ciety in 1838. 'Ali, is-^^ j^^Jl <^*^i^ son of Ahmad, com- monly called Wahidi, was an Arabian author who wrote three Commentaries, viz. : "Wasit," " Zaldr", and " Ba- sit", and also " Kitab Nuzul". He died ia 1075 A. D., 468 A. H. 'Ali, {J-^, son of Hamza, author of the " Tarikh Isfahani". 'Ali, iifir^ LJJ iJ-^, son of Husain Waiz Kashifi, the famous writer of the Anwdr-i-Sohaih, author of the work called " Lataif-uz-Zaraif", containing the anecdotes of Muhammad, of the twelve Imams, of the ancient kings of Persia, and of various other persons. He is also the author of another work entitled " Eushhat", containing the Memoirs of the Sufi Shaikhs of the Nakshbandi order. 'AH died in 1532 A. D., 939 A. H. He is also called 'All Waez. Vide Safi-uddin Muhammad. 'Ali, t5?^>' '^'^ i^^f son of Muhammad Kusanjf, an astronomer, and author of the " Sharh-ul-Jadid", the new commentary. He died A. D. 1474, 879 A. H. 'Ali, trJ^* LJ'? ^J^■^} son of 'Usman Gilani, author of the " Kashf-ul-Mahjub", containing a minute description of the twelve oi-ders of Sufis, &c., written in 1499 A. D., 905 A. H. He is also called Pir 'Ali Hajwiri. 'Ali, i:r~^^' *^ ls^) sumamed Abul-Hasan, vide Abul-Hasan 'All. 'Ali, u^^^"^^ Hoijals' ^J.s^^ the poetical name of Mulla Nasir 'All, which see. 'Ali, ^^) the poetical name of a poet who converted the Ghazals of Hafiz into Mukhammas. 'Ali 'Adil Shah I, LSJ.yi!'^- »^ J.s'-^ts^ of Bijapur, sumamed Abul^Muzaffar, succeeded to the throne of that kingdom after the death of his father Ibrahim 'Adil Shah I, in 1558 A. D., 965 A. H. He reigned about 22 lunar years, and, as he had no son, he appointed in the year 1579 A. D. his nephew, Ibrahim, son of his brother Tah- masp, his successor ; and the following year on the night of Thursday the 10th of April, 1580, 23rd Safar, 988 A. H., he was assassinated by a young eunuch. He was buried in the city of Bijapur, where his tomb or mausoleum is called by the people, " Eauza 'Ali." Vide Ain Translation, I, 466.] 'Ali 'Adil Shah II, isjy^-- J^^"' J^^e Jl^ of Bijapur, succeeded his father Muhammad 'AdU Shah iji his childhood in November, 1656 A. D., Muharram, 1067 H., and was unable to remedy the disorders which had occurred in his kingdom, by the rebellion of the celebra- ted Marhatta chief Sewaji, who had possessed himself of all the strongholds in the Kokan country, and erected several new forts. Under pretence of making his sub- missions to the Sultan, he begged an interview with the Bijapur general, Afzal Khan, whom he treacherously stabbed in an embrace. Eustam Khan was afterwards seot against him, and defeated. 'Ali 'Adil Sh&h died in
