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PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION
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[bɦ]: the भ of Sanskrit and Hindī etc.: the voiced labial stop aspirated.
[b̄]: bilabial fricative, the same as [ʋ] for which see below.
[c]: palatal stop, unvoiced—the old sound of Skt. च—resembling in acoustic effect a fronted or palatalised «k», i.e., a sort of «ky»
[ch]: the same aspirated=the old sound of Skt. छ.
[c͡ʃ]: palatal affricate, unvoiced=the West Bengali চ.
[c͡ʃh]: unvoiced palatal affricate, aspirated=the West Bengali ছ.
[ç]: unvoiced palatal fricative, the sound of ch in German ich: the old value of Skt. थ.
[d]: interdental stop, voiced=দ of Bengali. (In OIA., this sound was alveolar).
[dʼ]: the same, with accompanying glottal closure, as in dialectal East Bengali [dʼɑ:n] paddy=Standard Bengali ধান [dɦɑ:n].
[dɦ]: voiced interdental stop, aspitated=ধ of Standard Bengali.
[d]: voiced alveolar stop, as in English and Assamese.
[ḍ]: voiced cerebral or retroflex stop made with curled-up tongue-tip=ड of Sanskrit. The Bengali ড is of the same class, but it is pronounced at a lower position, approaching the .
[ḍʼ]: the above, with accompanying glottal closure: found in Sindhī, and in dialectal East Bengali, e.g., [ḍʼɑ:k] drum. tom-tom; to cover=Standard Bengali ঢাক [ḍɦɑ:k].
[ḍɦ]: voiced cerebral stop aspitated=Sanskrit ढ, West Bengali ঢ.
[ð]: voiced interdental spirant=th in English this [ðɪs], then [ðɛn], same as of Arabic as in [ða:t], [ṉaðr] etc.
[đ]: voiced dental or alveolar stop, velarised, i.e. made with simultaneous raising of the back of the tongue: occurring in Arabic (see Text, pp. 567ff).
[đł]: voiced alveolar unilateral: occurring in Arabic (see Text, p. 568).
[ďz]: voiced dental or alveolar affricate=dialectal East Bengali জ.
[d͡ʒ]: voiced supra-alveolar or palatal affricate, as in English judge=[d͡ʒʌd͡ʒ].
[e]: high-mid front vowel, as in West Bengali দেশ [de:ʃ] land, country. Nasalised form=[ẽ].
