SCHEME OF CONTENTS
BOOK VI (Continued) PAGE - Chapter XXXII. Muhammad and Arab Islam
§ 1. Arabia before Muhammad................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 § 2. Life of Muhammad to the Hegira................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4 § 3. Muhammad becomes a fighting prophet................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8 § 4. The teachings of Islam................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................14 § 5. The caliphs Abu Bekr and Omar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................16 § 6. The great days of the Omayyads................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................22 § 7. The decay of Islam under the Abbasids................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31 § 8. The intellectual life of Arab Islam................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................34 - Chapter XXXIII. Christendom and the Crusades
§ 1. The Western world at its lowest ebb................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................40 § 2. The feudal system................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42 § 3. The Frankish kingdom of the Merovingians................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................46 § 4. The Christianization of the western barbarians................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................48 § 5. Charlemagne becomes emperor of the West................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................54 § 6. The personality of Charlemagne................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................59 § 7. The French and the Germans become distinct................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................61 § 8. The Normans, the Saracens, the Hungarians, and the Seljuk Turks................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................64 § 9. How Constantinople appealed to Rome................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................72 § 10. The Crusades................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76 § 11. The Crusades a test of Christianity................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84 § 12. The Emperor Frederick II................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................86 § 13. Defects and limitations of the papacy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................90 § 14. A list of leading Popes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................96 BOOK VII THE GREAT MONGOL EMPIRES OF THE LAND WAYS
AND THE NEW EMPIRES OF THE SEA WAYS- Chapter XXXIV. The Great Empire of Jengis Khan and his Successors
§ 1. Asia at the end of the twelfth century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................105 § 2. The rise and victories of the Mongols................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................108 § 3. The travels of Marco Polo................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................114 § 4. The Ottoman Turks, the Turkish Caliph, and Constantinople................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................120
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