with the Hohokam[1] or relate tales of the supernatural origin of the pueblos, they now frankly admit that they do not know anything about the matter.[2] As early as the time of Kino and Mange mention is made of the chief of the former pueblo of Casa Grande, who was called "Siba." Mange in his Diary of November, 1697, translates this word as "bitter" or "cruel." The present pronunciation is sivany and the same name is given to all Hohokam chiefs; no one now knows the meaning of the word. The query arises, Is the similarity of this term to the native name for the Zuñis a mere coincidence? Mr Cushing states that "Cibola equals the 'Chi-vo-la' of Fray Marcus, of Nizza, equals the Zuñi name for themselves, namely, Shiwona, or Shiwina."[3]
Each ruin is called va-aki, ancient house, and in the myths a name is added to distinguish it from other ruins and to it si'vany to identify him from other chiefs.
Following is the list of the best known places, with their chiefs:
| Tcoʼ-oltûk, Corner, Casa Grande. Ruled by Sĭaʼ-al Tcu-vtakĭ, Morning Blue. |
| Â-âtʼkam Va-aki, Sandy Ancient House, Santan. Ruled by Kĭaʼ-atak, Handle. |
| Sʽoʼam Nyuʼĭ Va-aki, Yellow Vulture Ancient House. Name of chief not known to my informants. |
The following names of chiefs are preserved in the myths, but the ruins are referred to simply as va-aki:
| Tcufʼhaowo-o, Dipper, was the sivany at the ruin situated about 4 miles northwest of Santan, (Pl. IV, a, b.) |
| Taʼ-a, Flying, lived at the Sweetwater pueblo. (Pl. IV, c.) |
| Tcoʼ-otcuk Taʼtai, Black Sinew, at Casa Blanca.[4] |
| Tcu’narsat, Lizard, at Gila Crossing. |
| Aʼ-an Hiʼtûpăkĭ, Feather Breathing, at Mesa. |
| Vi-ĭk Iʼalt Maʼkai, Soft Feathers Rolling, ruled the pueblo between Tempe and Phoenix that is now being excavated by the Arizona Antiquarian Society. |
When a single chief is referred to, he is usually called Siʼvany, and when the full name is given, Siʼvany is always added, so that it is not surprising that Mange, Bandelier,[5] and others should have sup-
- ↑ The term Hohokam, That which has Perished, is used by the Pimas to designate the race that occupied the pueblos that are now rounded heaps of ruins in the Salt and Gila river valleys. As there is no satisfactory English term, the Pima name has been adopted throughout this memoir.
- ↑ "I made frequent inquiries of the Pimos and Coco-Maricopas as to the builders of these (Salt River ruins) and the ruins on the Gila, but could obtain no other than the ever ready, Quien sabe? These, as well as the ruins above the Pimo villages, are known among the Indians as the 'houses of Montezuma,' an idea doubtless derived from the Mexicans, rather than from any tradition of their own. We asked our Indian guide who Montezuma was. He answered, 'Nobody knows who the devil he was; all we know is, that he built these houses.'" Bartlett, Personal Narrative, 1854, II, 248.
- ↑ Congrès International des Américanistes, 7me sess., 1890, 155.
- ↑ The ruin at Casa Blanca (pl. V, a) is one of the largest south of the Gila. The adobe walls yet show at the level of the surface of the mound. Sedelmair states in his Relación that there were two houses standing at Casa Blanca in 1744. This and the ruin in Santan are the only ones near which the modern villages are built. Casa Grande is 6 miles from the nearest Pima village, which was, furthermore, quite recently established by families from points farther down the river.
- ↑ While in New Mexico the chain of traditional information appears almost unbroken as far down as San Marcial, in Arizona the folk-lore of the Zuñi terminates, according to Mr Cushing, with the northern folds of the Escudilla and of the Sierra Blanca. The remarkable architecture prevalent on the
