134 LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS It is estimated that at one time more than 100,000 men were out. Grave disorders occurred, and the president found himself appealed to by the gov ernors of West Virginia, of Maryland, and of Pennsylvania to aid them with the Federal power in suppressing domestic violence, which the author ities of their respective states were not able to mas ter. He issued his proclamation on July 18, 21 and 23, and sent into the above-mentioned states such detachments of the Federal army as were available. Other detachments were ordered to Chicago. Wherever the troops of the United States ap peared, however small the force, they succeeded in restoring order without bloodshed in fact, without meeting with any resistance, while the state militia in many instances had bloody encounters with the rioters, sometimes with doubtful result. In his first annual message, Dec. 3, 1877, Pres ident Hayes congratulated the country upon the results of the policy he had followed with regard to the South. He said: "All apprehension of danger from remitting those states to local self- government is dispelled, and a most salutary change in the minds of the people has begun and is in progress in every part of that section of the country once the theater of unhappy civil strife; substituting for suspicion, distrust, and aversion, concord, friendship, and patriotic attachment to the Union. No unprejudiced mind will deny that
