a full beard and a Tájik face."[1] That is, the speaker knew that Yunus was a Moghul by descent, and expected to see a man with Mongolian features, but he classed him with other Turks of the steppes.
D'Ohsson became conscious, from the extensive use he had made of Asiatic historians, that these writers constantly employed the word Turk to signify the nomad and pastoral tribes, known in Europe as 'Tatars.' In one passage he writes: "The Mongols gave the name of Tájik, or Tázik, to the Muhammadans, and in the historical works of this period it will be found that they employed this word in opposition to that of 'Turk.' The first served to designate the Muhammadan inhabitants of towns and cultivated lands, whether they were of Turki, Persian, or Arab origin mattered not; while under the name of 'Turk' were comprised the nomad nations of Turki and Tatar race. It was in this general acceptation that Chingiz Khan and the Mongols styled themselves 'Turks'; they rejected, on the other hand, the name of 'Tatar.'"[2] In another passage, when speaking of the Tatars proper, previous to the rise of the Mongols, D'Ohsson quotes Rashid-ud-Din as follows: "They made themselves so powerful and formidable, that other nations of Turks passed themselves off as Tatars, and regarded the name as an honour."[3]
Again, Major Raverty, in his translation of the Tabákát-i-Násiri, notes the headings of the first four sections of Rashid-ud-Din's history, the second, third, and fourth of which contain the following:—"2nd Section. Account of the Turk tribes whom they designate by the name of Mughals, but every one of which, in ancient times, bore distinct and particular surnames. … 3rd Section. Account of the Turk tribes, every one of which have had Badshahs and chiefs, but who bore no relationship to the tribes mentioned in the preceding sections. 4th Section. Account of the tribes of Turks, whose surname, from time immemorial, was Mughal. …"[4] These brief extracts are sufficient to show the sense in which Rashid-ud-Din, one of the best of the Musulman authors of the Mongol period, used the work Turk, and how, though he was able to distinguish specifically between real Turks and other tribes,
