Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 64 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 70 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 5.2 children born/woman (1990)
Nationality: noun—Libyan(s); adjective—Libyan
Ethnic divisions: 97% Berber and Arab; some Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, and Tunisians
Religion: 97% Sunni Muslim
Language: Arabic; Italian and English widely understood in major cities
Literacy: 50-60%
Labor force: 1,000,000; includes about 280,000 resident foreigners; 31% industry, 27% services, 24% government, 18% agriculture
Organized labor: National Trade Unions' Federation, 275,000 members; General Union for Oil and Petrochemicals; Pan-Africa Federation of Petroleum Energy and Allied Workers
Government
Long-form name: Socialist People's Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya
Type: Jamahiriya (a state of the masses); in theory, governed by the populace through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorship
Capital: Tripoli
Administrative divisions: 46 municipalities (baladīyat, singular—baladīyah); Ajdābiyā, Al Abyār, Al ‘Azīzīyah, Al Bayḑā’, Al Jufrah, Al Jumayl, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, Al Marj, Al Qarābūllī, Al Qubbah, Al ‘Ujaylāt, Ash Shāţi’, Awbārī, Az Zahrā’, Az Zāwiyah, Banghāzī, Banī Walīd, Bin Jawwād, Darnah, Ghadāmis, Gharyān, Ghāt, Jādū, Jālū, Janzūr, Masallātah, Mişrātah, Mizdah, Murzuq, Nālūt, Qamīnis, Qaşr Bin Ghashīr, Sabhā, Şabrātah, Shaḩḩāt, Şurmān, Surt, Tājūrā’, Ţarābulus, Tarhūnah, Ţubruq, Tūkrah, Yafran, Zlītan, Zuwārah; note—the number of municipalities may have been reduced to 13 named Al Jabal al-Akhdar, Al Jabal al-Gharbi, Al Jabal al-Khums, Al Batnam, Al Kufrah, Al Marqab, Al Marzuq, Az Zāwiyah, Banghāzī, Khalij Surt, Sabhā, Tripoli, Wadi al-Hayat
Independence: 24 December 1951 (from Italy)
Constitution: 11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977
Legal system: based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Revolution Day, 1 September (1969)
Executive branch: revolutionary leader, chairman of the General People's Committee, General People's Committee (cabinet)
Legislative branch: unicameral General People's Congress
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State—Revolutionary Leader Col. Mu‘ammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969);
Head of Government—Chairman of the General People's Committee (Premier) ‘Umar Mustafa al-MUNTASIR (since 1 March 1987)
Political parties and leaders: none
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
Elections: national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of revolutionary committees
Flag: plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion)
Economy
Overview: The socialist-oriented economy
depends primarily upon revenues from the
oil sector, which contributes virtually all
export earnings and over 50% to GNP.
Since 1980, however, the sharp drop in oil
prices and resulting decline in export revenues
has adversely affected economic
development. In 1986 per capita GNP was
the highest in Africa at $5,410, but it had
been $2,000 higher in 1982. Severe
cutbacks in imports over the past five years
have led to shortages of basic goods and
foodstuffs, although the reopening of the
Libyan-Tunisian border in April 1988 and
the Libyan-Egyptian border in December
1989 have somewhat eased shortages.
Austerity budgets and a lack of trained
technicians have undermined the government's
ability to implement a number of
planned infrastructure development
projects. The nonoil industrial and
construction sectors, which account for about
15% of GNP, have expanded from
processing mostly agricultural products to
include petrochemicals, iron, steel, and
aluminum. Although agriculture accounts
for less than 5% of GNP, it employs 20%
of the labor force. Climatic conditions and
poor soils severely limit farm output,
requiring Libya to import about 75% of its
food requirements.
GNP: $20 billion, per capita $5,410; real growth rate 0% (1988 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (1988 est.)
Unemployment rate: 2% (1988 est.)
Budget: revenues $6.4 billion; expenditures $11.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.6 billion (1986 est.)
Exports: $6.1 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities—petroleum, peanuts, hides; partners—Italy, USSR, FRG, Spain, France, Belgium/Luxembourg, Turkey
Imports: $5.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities—machinery, transport equipment, food, manufactured goods; partners—Italy, USSR, FRG, UK, Japan
External debt: $2.1 billion, excluding military debt (December 1988)
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: 4,580,000 kW capacity; 13,360 million kWh produced, 3,270 kWh per capita (1989)
Industries: petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement
Agriculture: 5% of GNP; cash crops—wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus fruits, peanuts; 75% of food is imported
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $242 million
Currency: Libyan dinar (plural—dinars); 1 Libyan dinar (LD) = 1,000 dirhams
Exchange rates: Libyan dinars (LD) per US$1—0.2896 (January 1990), 0.2922 (1989), 0.2853 (1988), 0.2706 (1987), 0.3139 (1986), 0.2961 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Highways: 32,500 km total; 24,000 km
bituminous and bituminous treated, 8,500
km gravel, crushed stone and earth
Pipelines: crude oil 4,383 km; natural gas 1 ,947 km; refined products 443 km (includes 256 km liquid petroleum gas)
Ports: Tobruk, Tripoli, Banghazi, Misratah, Marsa el Brega
Merchant marine: 30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 816,546 GRT/1,454,874 DWT; includes 3 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 11 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker
Civil air: 59 major transport aircraft
Airports: 130 total, 122 usable; 53 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 44 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern telecommunications system using radio relay, coaxial cable, tropospheric scatter, and domestic satellite stations; 370,000 telephones; stations—18 AM, 3 FM, 13 TV; satellite earth stations—1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 14 domestic; submarine cables to France and Italy; radio relay to
