waged a successful war in the West, and for the moment the treasury was redundant with the rich spoils. His scheme of reform was doubtless influenced by this fact, and he legislated in the temporary belief that for the future the national burdens might be lightened.[1] His measures were directed to three principal requirements, viz., (1) to fortify the authority of his local vicegerents; (2) to elevate their ethical motives by abolishing venality; and (3) to invigorate the collection of the taxes.
1. In order to achieve the first of these objects he began to reverse, in great part, the provincial policy elaborated by Diocletian and Constantine.[2] In a number of provinces he dispensed with the dual control, and united both civil and military power in the hands of the Rector.[3] Enhanced rank naturally followed this increase of authority, and thus the former Clarissimus rose to be a Spectabilis, whilst, at the same time, he was granted the emoluments of both offices.[4] A loftier official title was also necessitated by these changes, and hence a simple Praeses or Judex became a Moderator, Praetor, or Count, and in three instances was elevated to the almost regal dignity of a Proconsul.[5] In some of these*
- ↑ He was in a very exalted frame of mind at this time, e.g., "We have to thank God . . . for having vouchsafed to us so many advantages and so great, beyond what He ever granted to our predecessors"; Nov. xxviii, 4; cf. Cod., I, xvii, 2, etc.
- ↑ See p. 132.
- ↑ He gives as his reason that the military Dukes and the civil governors were always quarrelling; Nov. xxiv, i; xxvi, praef. Thirteen Dukes are named in the Notitia, but under this change nine Rectors appear as officers of both sword and gown; Nov. viii; xxiv-xxviii; xxx; xxxi; xli; l; cf. Nov. xx.
- ↑ Nov. xxiv, 1; xxv, 1, etc.
- ↑ The new Proconsuls took their titles from Cappadocia, Armenia, and Palestine; Nov. xxx; xxxi; ciii. As Spectabiles, however, their
