command of an army, the inculcation of propriety, stimulation of righteousness, and the promotion of a sense of shame are required.
When men possess a sense of shame, they will attack with resolution when in strength, and when few in number defend to the last.
But while victory is easy in attack, it is difficult in defence.
Now, of the fighting races below heaven; those who gained five victories have been worn out; those who have won four victories have been impoverished; three victories have given dominion; two victories have founded a kingdom; and upon one victory an empire has been established.
For those who have gained power on earth by many victories are few; and those who have lost it, many.
The Master said:—
‘The causes of war are five:—
First, ambition; second, profit; third, overburdened hate; fourth, internal disorder; fifth, famine,
